reparação

Forms

reparação f (plural reparações)^[1] Houaiss lists the 15th-century forms repairaçom and reparaçoões, and reparação from the 16th century.^[2] Cunha also has repayraçom in the 15th century.^[3] Bluteau writes reparaçaõ.^[4]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Late Latin reparātiō (“restoration, renewal”), recorded from the 15th century.^[2][3][5] Houaiss and Wiktionary give the source as Latin, Cunha and Aurélio as Late Latin, and Nascentes calls the word semi-learned.^[2][1][6] DELPo and Michaelis analyse it instead as reparar with the suffix -ção, and DELPo compares French réparation.^[7][8] The oldest forms Old Galician-Portuguese repairaçom and repayraçom have the same ⟨ai⟩ as the 14th-century forms of the verb, repairar and repayrar.^[2][3][9]

The Latin noun, found in inscriptions and in Prudentius, is formed from the supine reparātum of reparō (“to restore, recover”), itself from re- (“again”) and parō (“to prepare, provide”).^[10][2][1]

The same Latin noun is the source of Spanish reparación, Catalan reparació, Italian riparazione and Romanian reparație.^[1][11]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first records are in the Vita Christi, which speaks of the redemption brought about through the Virgin Mary: assi per Maria Virgem fosse feita a repairaçom “so that through the Virgin Mary the reparation should be made”.^[12] Houaiss dates the word to the 15th century from Cunha's medieval index.^[2]

Semantic evolution

Bluteau (1712–1728) defines it as the act of repairing or renewing, of putting something back in its first state, and speaks of the reparações of a house.^[4] Morais in 1789 adds the satisfaction given for an offence or a crime.^[13] The old Caldas Aulete has the restoration of strength as well.^[14] Modern Portuguese uses it in law for compensation owed for damage, in reparação civil and reparação do dano, and for the payments a defeated state owes, reparações de guerra.^[2][5] In religious language it is an act meant to make amends to God for offences.^[5]

Timeline

• 15th century – repairaçom in the Vita Christi.^[12][2]
• 16th century – the spelling reparação.^[2][3]
• 1712–1728 – Bluteau defines reparaçaõ as restoring a thing to its first state.^[4]
• 1789 – Morais adds the sense “satisfaction for an offence”.^[13]

Meanings

Noun

1. The act or effect of repairing; the restoring or mending of something damaged; conserto, reparo, repair.^[2][5][1]
2. Satisfaction given to someone for a fault or offence; a retraction.^[2][5]
3. Indemnification, compensation;^[2][5][1] (law) compensation that someone must pay for violating another's rights: reparação civil, reparação do dano, reparações de guerra.^[2][5][1]
4. The recovery of strength after an effort.^[15][16]
5. (religion) An act meant to make amends to God for offences committed by oneself or others.^[5]

Related words

• reparar
• reparo
• irreparável
• Latin reparātiō
• Spanish reparación

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. reparação
3. ^ a b c d Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. reparar
4. ^ a b c Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. reparaçaõ
5. ^ a b c d e f g h Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. reparação
6. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. reparação
7. ^ NEHiLP – Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Etimologia e História da Língua Portuguesa, Universidade de São Paulo, DELPo: Dicionário Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa (online database), p. s.v. reparação
8. ^ Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. reparação
9. ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. reparar
10. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. s.v. reparatio
11. ^ Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. reparación
12. ^ a b Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. repairaçom
13. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 322
14. ^ Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. reparação
15. ^ Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. reparação
16. ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. reparação