reparar

Forms

reparar (first-person singular present reparo, first-person singular preterite reparei, past participle reparado)^[1] Medieval texts have both reparar and repairar (repairou, repayrar, rrepairou).^[2][3] Machado knew repairar from the 15th to the 17th century, Feijó (1734) still names it beside reparar, and Morais (1813) refers to it.^[3][4][5]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin reparō (“to recover, restore, repair”), written Old Galician-Portuguese reparar and Old Galician-Portuguese repairar in the oldest texts.^[2][6][3][1] Wiktionary notes that it may be a borrowing.^[1] The Galician chronicle glossary refers it to the REW's article on the Latin verb (no. 7214).^[3]

The same Latin verb gave Galician reparar, Spanish reparar, French réparer and Italian riparare; the French verb is a borrowing of about 1130.^[7][8][1]

The Latin verb is formed from re- and parō (“to prepare, provide”).^[9][1] Nascentes explains the sense “to notice” as a shift from “to prepare again, mending the faults found” to “to fix one's eyes on”.^[10][11]

Earliest recorded meaning

The Galician translation of the Crónica Geral says of a king that he had the castles repaired (os castelos et fezoos reparar) and the fortresses reparadas et adubadas “repaired and fitted out”.^[3] The Crónica de 1344 writes repairou a terra “he restored the land”, and a text of 1364 todos bem Repairados “all well repaired”.^[3][2] The first sense is “to restore, repair” buildings and land, Cunha's ‘restaurar’.^[3][6]

Semantic evolution

Fifteenth-century Galician texts speak of a boat to be reparada e apostada “repaired and fitted out” (before 1435) and of houses ben reparadas de parides et de tella “well kept up in walls and tiles” (1449).^[3] The sense “to make good, compensate” and the nouns reparo (15th century) and reparação (15th century as repayraçom) followed.^[6]

Bluteau (1712–1728) lists the sense “to restore what is ruined”, reparar as forças “to restore one's strength”, reparar o golpe “to parry the blow”, a goldsmith's sense “to touch up with the chisel”, and reparar em alguma cousa “to pay attention to something”.^[12] Folqman (1755) glosses this last as fazer reparo, reflectir, tomar sentido.^[13] The sense “to notice” is now among the commonest, often in negative phrases such as não repare “don't mind”.^[14][15][1] In parts of Portugal it has been recorded with the sense “to criticise”.^[16]

Timeline

• 14th century – os castelos et fezoos reparar in the Galician translation of the Crónica Geral.^[3][6]
• 1344 – repairou a terra in the Crónica de 1344.^[3]
• 1364 – todos bem Repairados.^[3][2]
• 15th century – first records of reparo and of repayraçom (reparação).^[6]
• 1449 – casas ... ben reparadas in a Galician document.^[3]
• 1542 – repairar in a private letter.^[17]
• 1712–1728 – Bluteau records reparar em “to pay attention to”.^[12]
• 1734 – Feijó names repairar beside reparar.^[4]
• 1813 – first record of irreparável.^[6]

Meanings

Verb

1. To repair, to mend, to put back in working order: reparar o telhado.^[2][18][1]
2. To recover, to restore: reparar a saúde.^[2][5]
3. To make amends for an offence.^[2]
4. To improve, to touch up.^[2][18]
5. To remedy, to correct: reparar uma injustiça.^[2][18]
6. To compensate, to indemnify (someone or oneself) for a loss.^[2][18]
7. To notice, to look closely at; to become aware (of: em): Reparaste no casaco dele?^[2][14][1]
8. To take care, to beware (of: em).^[2][14]
9. (reflexive) To shelter, to protect oneself.^[2]
10. (reflexive) To recoup one's losses.^[2]

Word family

• reparo
• reparação
• reparador
• irreparável

Related words

• parar
• preparar
• Latin reparō
• Spanish reparar

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. reparar
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. reparar
4. ^ a b Feijó, João de Morais Madureira (1734), Orthographia, ou Arte de escrever, e pronunciar com acerto a lingua portugueza, Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. reparar
5. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 2, 10
6. ^ a b c d e f Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. reparar
7. ^ Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. reparar
8. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. réparer
9. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. reparō
10. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. reparar
11. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1955), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, vol. 1: Nomes comuns, Rio de Janeiro (1st ed. 1932, preface by W. Meyer-Lübke), p. 440
12. ^ a b Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. reparar
13. ^ Folqman, Carlos (1755), Diccionario portuguez, e latino, Lisboa: Régia Officina Silviana (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. reparar
14. ^ a b c Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. reparar
15. ^ Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. reparar
16. ^ Instituto da Lingua Galega, Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (TLPGP), Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/tesouro, p. s.v. reparar
17. ^ CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. reparar
18. ^ a b c d Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. reparar