riparare

riparare¹ to protect; to repair

Etymology tree of riparare¹

inherited borrowed derived

Latin parō

Italian parare

French parade

English parade

Spanish parar

English pare

Latin reparō

Italian riparare

French réparer

From the same root · riparare¹

Latin apparō ← parō

Latin disparō ← parō

Latin imperō ← parō

Latin parābilis ← parō

Latin parātus ← parō

Latin praeparō ← parō

Latin sēparō ← parō

Spanish parada ← parō

Latin reparābilis ← reparō

Latin reparātiō ← reparō

Latin reparātor ← reparō

Pronunciation

• /ri.paˈra.re/^[1]

Forms

riparare (first-person singular present ripàro, first-person singular past historic riparài, past participle riparàto, auxiliary avére)^[1] Old forms include reparare, raparare and reprare.^[2]

Etymology

The word for protecting and mending is inherited from Latin reparō (“to get again; to restore, repair”), formed with re- on parō (“to prepare, provide”).^[3][4][5][1] The Latin verb first meant “to procure again” and later “to restore”; the nouns reparātiō and reparātor were formed after the classical period.^[3][4] Spanish reparar has the same source, while French réparer is a learned form.^[4]

The simple verb is usually explained as a verb formed from a noun Proto-Indo-European *prh₃-o- (“providing”);^[6] Rix's derivation from a present stem does not fit the Latin sound laws, according to de Vaan.^[6]

Earliest recorded meaning

DELI's first record is in the Novellino, at the end of the 13th century, with the intransitive sense “to provide a remedy”.^[3] GRADIT dates the word to before 1320, in the sense “to remedy”.^[5]

Semantic evolution

The sense “to defend from a danger or attack” is found before 1348 in Giovanni Villani, and “to put back in good repair” in the Italian translation of Crescenzi, about 1350.^[3] The noun riparazione is recorded for mending as reparazione in 1301 and for moral amends before 1348.^[3]

In the 19th century the word gained the sense “to make amends”, and Tommaseo's dictionary records the school esami di riparazione, exams retaken after failing, in 1872;^[3][5][7] riparare una materia meant to resit a subject, until the exams were abolished.^[3][5][7] In colloquial Tuscan non riparare a means not to be able to keep up with a task.^[8][9][7]

Timeline

• Late 13th century – The Novellino uses riparare “to provide a remedy”.^[3]
• 1301 – Reparazione “mending” appears in a statute of the Società del Padule d'Orgia.^[3]
• Before 1348 – Giovanni Villani uses the verb for “to defend”.^[3]
• About 1350 – The Italian Crescenzi uses it for “to mend”.^[3]
• 1872 – Tommaseo's dictionary records the sense “to make amends” and the esami di riparazione.^[3]

Meanings

Verb

1. (transitive) To protect or shelter from something harmful: Si coprì il capo con la giacca per ripararsi dal sole.^{[5][10][7][1]}
2. (transitive) To put right a wrong, a mistake or a harm; to redress: Vorrei riparare l'offesa che le ho fatto.^[5][8][1]
3. (intransitive, with a) To remedy, to provide for: Bisogna riparare subito a questo guasto.^[9][7][8]
4. (transitive) To repair, mend, fix something broken: Mio fratello ha riparato la lavatrice.^[5][10][1]
5. (education, historical) To resit an examination in a subject failed at the end of the school year.^[5][9][1]
6. (Tuscany, colloquial) To manage, to see to what is needed;^[8][9][7] non riparare a, not to manage to keep up with.^[8][9][7]
7. (reflexive, ripararsi) To take shelter, to protect oneself.^[9][8][7]

Word family

• riparazione
• riparatore
• riparabile
• irreparabile
• riparamento
• riparatura

riparare² to take refuge

Pronunciation

• /ri.paˈra.re/^[1]

Forms

riparare (first-person singular present ripàro, first-person singular past historic riparài, past participle riparàto, auxiliary èssere)^[1]

Etymology

The word for taking refuge is borrowed from Old Occitan repairar (“to return home”), from Late Latin repatriō (“to return to one's homeland”), formed with re- on Latin patria (“homeland”).^[3][4][5][1] The Late Latin verb is found in Solinus, in the 3rd century.^[3] GRADIT dates the Occitan verb to the 12th century.^[5] Old French repairier is the Old French form, from which comes French repaire (“den, lair”).^[4] The noun riparo is a back-formation from this verb, according to DELI and Nocentini.^[3][4] Meyer-Lübke placed the noun and the sense “to protect” under reparō instead.^[11]

Earliest recorded meaning

DELI's first record is the pronominal use “to find shelter” in Chiaro Davanzati, in the 13th century; the GDLI quotes his line Raparo a la contrada là ov'è Amore (“I take refuge in the land where Love is”).^[3][12] The sense “to flee for safety from political troubles” follows in Boccaccio, in 1341–1342.^[3][5]

Semantic evolution

Pietro Bembo already counted riparare “to stay, lodge” among the words of Provençal origin, and Guido Guinizelli's canzone begins Al cor gentil rempaira sempre amore (“Love always returns to the noble heart”).^[3] The old sense “to lodge, dwell” survives in Boccaccio's ser Cepparello, who often stayed (si riparava) at a house in Paris.^[10][13] Today the verb means above all to flee abroad from persecution or from the law.^[5][10][13] The variant rempairare is closer to the Occitan form.^[14][13]

The noun riparo is recorded from 1313–1319 in Dante, for the act of taking shelter and for a screen or protection; the riparo sotto roccia of prehistorians is recorded in 1936.^[3]

Timeline

• 13th century – Chiaro Davanzati uses the pronominal form “to find shelter”.^[3]
• 1313–1319 – Dante uses riparo.^[3]
• 1341–1342 – Boccaccio uses riparare “to take refuge”.^[3][5]
• 1936 – Riparo sotto roccia “rock shelter” is recorded.^[3]

Meanings

Verb

1. (intransitive) To take refuge, to flee to a safe place, especially abroad to escape persecution or the law: Dopo il colpo di Stato molti oppositori ripararono in Francia.^{[5][10][8][1]}
2. (intransitive, archaic) To stay, to dwell.^[5][10][8]

Word family

• riparo