novembro

Forms

novembro m (plural novembros)^[1] The old texts write Nouembro, Nouenbro and novebro.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is inherited from Late Latin *novembrius, for Latin november (“November”), with a change of declension, written Old Galician-Portuguese novembro and Old Galician-Portuguese novenbro in the oldest texts.^[4][3][5][1]

The same Latin word is Galician novembro, Spanish noviembre, Catalan novembre, French novembre and Italian novembre;^[5][1] Old Spanish novembrio has the same ending as the Portuguese word.^[5][1]

The Latin adjective is formed from novem (“nine”): November was the ninth month of the Roman year, which began in March.^[6][7][8] The numeral goes back to Proto-Indo-European *h₁néwn̥ (“nine”).^[1]

Earliest recorded meaning

A Galician-Portuguese charter of 1258–1261 is dated XV dias andados do mes de Nouembro “fifteen days into the month of November”.^[2] Cunha dates the word to the 13th century, Houaiss to the 14th.^[4][3]

Semantic evolution

The word has only ever named the month.^[3] Bluteau explains that it was the ninth month for the Romans and is the eleventh for us.^[9] Estraviz gives santos and São-Martinho as Galician synonyms.^[10] Portuguese novembro passed into the creoles of Cabo Verde and Guinea-Bissau, Konkani and Tetum.^[1]

Timeline

• 1258–1261 – XV dias andados do mes de Nouembro in a charter.^[2]
• 14th century – the spelling novebro.^[3]
• 1513 – nouembro in the Livro dos Mártires.^[11]
• 1611 – Barbosa translates it as Latin November.^[12]
• 1789 – Morais defines it as the eleventh month.^[13]

Meanings

Noun

1. November, the eleventh month of the year, with 30 days.^[3][1]

Related words

• nove
• setembro
• dezembro
• Latin november

Usage notes

The capitalised spelling Novembro was the norm until 1943 in Brazil and 1990 in Portugal.^[1]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. nouembro
3. ^ a b c d e f Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. novembro
4. ^ a b Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. novembro
5. ^ a b c Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 5969
6. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
7. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
8. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. novembre
9. ^ Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. novembro
10. ^ Estraviz, Isaac Alonso, Dicionário Estraviz, https://estraviz.org, p. s.v. novembro
11. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. nouembro
12. ^ Barbosa, Agostinho (1611), Dictionarium lusitanicolatinum, Braga: Fructuoso Lourenço de Basto (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. novembro
13. ^ Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 120