remunerar

Forms

remunerar (first-person singular present remunero, first-person singular preterite remunerei, past participle remunerado)^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin remūnerō (“to reward, recompense”), the active form beside the deponent remūneror.^{[2][3][1][4][5]} Nascentes calls it a learned word.^[6] The Latin verb is formed with re- on mūnerō (“to give a present”), from mūnus (“duty; gift”);^[1][7][8] Vieira glossed it in 1871 as a “reduplicative” of the verb for making a present, and Nascentes as “to return presents”.^[1][7][8] De Vaan traces the noun to Proto-Indo-European *moi-no-.^[9]

The same Latin verb is Galician remunerar, Spanish remunerar, Catalan remunerar, French rémunérer, Italian remunerare and Romanian remunera.^[1] Spanish has it from about 1440 and French from about 1330.^[10][11]

Earliest recorded meaning

Lorenzo's first record is from a document of 1378, querendo remunerar e conhecer com mercees “wishing to reward and acknowledge with favours”, which shows the sense of a lord rewarding a service with grants.^[12][2]

Semantic evolution

The phrase remunerar com merçees recurs in 1417.^[12] Bluteau defines the verb as “to recompense” and quotes the Monarquia Lusitana on a service the king rewarded by making a man his standard-bearer.^[13] Vieira still gives the moral sense, God rewarding virtue.^[7] In modern use the main sense is paying wages, fees or other income for work;^[14] Houaiss and the DLP put it beside the older “reward”.^[2][5]

Timeline

• 1378 – first record, querendo remunerar e conhecer com mercees.^[12]
• 1417 – remunerar com merçees.^[12]
• 15th century – the spelling rremunerar.^[2]
• 1697 – Pereira glosses it with Latin remunero.^[14]
• 1712–1728 – Bluteau defines it as “to recompense”.^[13]
• 1789 – Morais glosses it with galardoar “to reward”.^[15]

Meanings

Verb

1. (transitive) To reward or recompense; to give a remuneração to.^[2][16][1]
2. (transitive) To pay a wage, fee or other income to; to remunerate.^[2][5][1]

Word family

• remunerado
• remunerador
• remunerativo
• remuneratório
• irremunerado

Related words

• remuneração
• Latin remūnerō

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. remunerar
3. ^ Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. remunerar
4. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. s.v. remunero
5. ^ a b c Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. remunerar
6. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. remunerar
7. ^ a b c Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 5, 199
8. ^ a b Nascentes, Antenor (1955), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, vol. 1: Nomes comuns, Rio de Janeiro (1st ed. 1932, preface by W. Meyer-Lübke), p. 440
9. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
10. ^ Corominas, Joan (1973), Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. remunerar
11. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. rémunérer
12. ^ a b c d Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. remunerar
13. ^ a b Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. remunerar
14. ^ a b Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. remunerar
15. ^ Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 321
16. ^ Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. remunerar