𐌿𐍄

Forms

𐌿𐍄 (ūt), an indeclinable adverb of direction.^[1][2] Köbler also classes it as a verbal prefix.^[3] The Wulfila project records only the form 𐌿𐍄 (ut).^[1] Miller indexes it as ut, with the long vowel queried.^[4]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *ūt (“out”),^[5][6] cognate with Old Norse út, Old English ūt, Old Frisian ūt, Old Saxon ūt and Old High German ūz.^[6] Kroonen takes the Germanic adverb as a direct continuation of Proto-Indo-European *ud, its vowel lengthened because the word was a monosyllable; 𐌿𐍃 (us, “out of”) is from *ud-s, the same adverb with a genitival ending.^[7] Feist and Uhlenbeck compare a Sanskrit prefix meaning "up, out", Avestan us- and Old Irish ud- (a verbal prefix).^[8][9] Wood's attempt to derive the family of 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 (watō, “water”) from the same word for "out" was rejected by Uhlenbeck.^[10]

Attestation

The Wulfila project counts 25 tokens, all in the Gospels (fifteen in John, five in Luke, three in Mark, two in Matthew), 24 in manuscript CA and one in C.^[1] Köbler also counts 25; his list begins with Matthew 9:32, while the Wulfila project's first record in canonical order is Matthew 26:75, in CA and C.^[3][1] PROIEL aligns 16 of its 24 tokens with Ancient Greek ἔξω (éxō).^[11] Köbler gives Latin foris and foras as Latin equivalents.^[3] Matthew 26:75 ends jah usgaggands ut gaigrot baitraba, "and he went out and wept bitterly".^[12]

Meanings

1. out, outward, forth, with verbs of motion (for ἔξω)^[2][13][14]

Word family

• 𐌿𐍄𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (ūtbairan, “to carry out”)
• 𐌿𐍄𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (ūtgaggan, “to go out”)

Related words

• 𐌿𐍄𐌰 (ūta, “outside”)
• 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 (ūtana, “outside”)
• 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍂𐍉 (ūtaþrō, “from outside”)
• 𐌿𐍃 (us, “out of”)

Usage notes

The adverb usually follows the verb, as in atgaggan ut and galeiþan ut "to go out"; it comes first in ut bairan at Luke 7:12 and ut gaggan at Mark 7:15.^[15][2] It often reinforces the preposition or prefix 𐌿𐍃 (us), as in usgaggan ut and ut us "out of";^[16] John 11:43 has hiri ut "come out here".^[16] Lambdin contrasts it with 𐌿𐍄𐌰 (ūta), used for position outside without motion.^[14]

References

1. ^ a b c d De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be
2. ^ a b c Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910), Die gotische Bibel, II: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. ūt
3. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. ūt
4. ^ Miller, D. Gary (2019), The Oxford Gothic Grammar, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 266
5. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. 𐌿𐍄
6. ^ a b Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 562
7. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 562–563
8. ^ Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. ut
9. ^ Uhlenbeck, C. C. (1900), Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 2nd ed., Amsterdam: Müller, p. 163
10. ^ Uhlenbeck, C. C. (1905), Bemerkungen zum gotischen Wortschatz, Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 30, 252ff.
11. ^ Haug, Dag T. T. et al., PROIEL Treebank: The Gothic Bible (gothic-nt), 2023 release, Pragmatic Resources in Old Indo-European Languages, University of Oslo
12. ^ De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be, p. Mt 26:75
13. ^ Balg, G. H. (1887–1889), A Comparative Glossary of the Gothic Language, with Especial Reference to English and German, Mayville, Wis.: the author, p. 508
14. ^ a b Lambdin, Thomas O. (2006), An Introduction to the Gothic Language, Eugene, Or.: Wipf and Stock, p. 23
15. ^ Stamm, Friedrich Ludwig; Heyne, Moriz (1920), Ulfilas oder die uns erhaltenen Denkmäler der gotischen Sprache: Text, Wörterbuch und Grammatik, 13th–14th ed. by Ferdinand Wrede, Paderborn: Schöningh, p. 487
16. ^ a b Regan, Brian T. (1974), Dictionary of the Biblical Gothic Language, Phoenix: Wulfila House, p. 172