*ūt

Reconstruction

Wiktionary reconstructs *ūt for Proto-West Germanic.^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *ūt (“out”), which Kroonen and Orel give in the same form and Köbler as *ūt, *ūta.^[2][3][4] Kroonen explains its long vowel as a lengthening in a monosyllable.^[2] Boutkan and Siebinga reconstruct Proto-Frisian *ūt.^[5]

Morphology

An adverb, also used as a preposition and as a verbal prefix.^[6][7][8] Orel derives from it the Proto-Germanic adverbs *ūtai "outside" and *ūtanē "from outside", continued by Old English ūte and ūtan, Old Saxon ūta and ūtan, and Old High German ūze and ūzan.^[3]

Evidence

The adverb is attested in Old English ūt, Old Frisian ūt, Old Saxon ūt and Old High German ūz,^[2] and in Old Dutch as a preposition and a verbal prefix.^[9] ONW records it in Williram's commentary of 1100, in the spelling ⟨uz⟩.^[10] Old Saxon has it in the Heliand and the Genesis.^[11] Old Frisian also has a by-form ⟨hut⟩ with a hypercorrect h-.^[5]

Meanings

1. out, outward^[1]

Old Frisian also used it for "abroad" and "seawards",^[7] and Old High German also for "outside" and, as a conjunction, "but".^[2][8]

Derivatives

• *ūtijan "to push away, to expel", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[12] Orel derives Proto-Germanic *ūtjanan from the adverb, with Old English ȳtan (“to put out, to expel”).^[3]
• *ūtgān "to go out", *ūtfaran "to go out, to depart" and *ūtlaidijan "to lead out", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[13][14][15] Old English has the compounds ūtgān, ūtfaran and ūtlǣdan,^[16] and Old Dutch ūtfaran and ūtleiden.^[9]

Reflexes

• Old English: ūt (“out, outside”)^[17]
• Old Frisian: ūt (“out, out of”)^[7]
• Old Saxon: ūt (“out”)^[18]
• Old Dutch: ūt (“out of”)^[10]
• Old High German: ūz (“out, outside, but”)^[8]

References

1. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *ūt
2. ^ a b c d Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 562
3. ^ a b c Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 437
4. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *ūt, *ūta
5. ^ a b Boutkan, Dirk; Siebinga, Sjoerd Michiel (2005), Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 1, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. ut
6. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. ūt
7. ^ a b c Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. ūt
8. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. ūz
9. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard, Altniederfränkisches Wörterbuch, online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. ūt
10. ^ a b Oudnederlands Woordenboek (2009–), Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal, Leiden; gtb.ivdnt.org, p. s.v. ūt
11. ^ Tiefenbach, Heinrich (2010), Altsächsisches Handwörterbuch / A Concise Old Saxon Dictionary, Berlin / New York: De Gruyter, p. s.v. ūt
12. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *ūtijan
13. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *ūtgān
14. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *ūtfaran
15. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *ūtlaidijan
16. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. ūt
17. ^ Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. ūt
18. ^ Berr, Samuel (1971), An Etymological Glossary to the Old Saxon Heliand, Berne / Frankfurt: Herbert Lang, p. 430