*ūt

Reconstruction

An adverb *ūt in Kroonen, Orel and Wiktionary,^[1][2][3] *ūt or *ūta in Köbler.^[4]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *úd (“out, outward”):^[3] Kroonen calls it an adverb directly continuing PIE *ud.^[1]

Morphology

The long vowel arose because the word was a monosyllable.^[1][3] In his study of the n-stems, Kroonen calls *ūt the old allative and argues that the lengthening affected only this monosyllable; the ablative *utané kept its short vowel, which he sees in Old Norse utan, and the locative *utai was created secondarily from *ūt.^[5] The preposition *uz "out of" is apparently from *ud-s, the same adverb with a genitive ending.^[6][7]

Evidence

The word is attested in all three branches: Gothic 𐌿𐍄 (ut), Old Norse út, and Old English ūt, Old Frisian ūt, Old Saxon ūt and Old High German ūz in West Germanic.^[1] The Gothic word is in Wulfila's Bible.^[8] De Vries and Feist compare the Old Irish verbal prefix ud- (“out”) and a Cypriot Greek prefix.^[9][10]

Meanings

1. out^[1][4][3]
2. outward^[3]

In West Germanic the word also became a preposition, and Old High German also used it for "but".^[11][1] Old Frisian also used it for "abroad" and "seaward".^[12]

Derivatives

• *ūtai "outside", with a locative *-ai,^[13][2] and *ūtanē "from outside".^[14][2]
• *ūtaraz, in Orel, continued in Old Norse útarr (“farther out”).^[2]
• *ūtijaną "to push away, to expel";^[15] Orel writes *ūtjanan.^[2]
• Compounds: *ūtgangaz "exit" and *ūtlandijaz "foreign".^[16][17]

Reflexes

• Gothic: 𐌿𐍄 (ut, “out”)^[10]
• Old Norse: út (“out”)^[9]
• Old English: ūt (“out, outside”)^[18]
• Old Frisian: ūt (“out”)^[12]
• Old Saxon: ūt (“out”)^[19]
• Old High German: ūz (“out, outside, but”)^[20]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 562
2. ^ a b c d e Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 437
3. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *ūt
4. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *ūt
5. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2011), The Proto-Germanic n-stems: A Study in Diachronic Morphophonology, Leiden Studies in Indo-European 18, Amsterdam / New York: Rodopi, p. § 5.2
6. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 563
7. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 436
8. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. ūt
9. ^ a b de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. út
10. ^ a b Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. ut
11. ^ Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. ut
12. ^ a b Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. ūt
13. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *ūtai
14. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *ūtanē
15. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *ūtijaną
16. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *ūtgangaz
17. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *ūtlandijaz
18. ^ Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. ūt
19. ^ Tiefenbach, Heinrich (2010), Altsächsisches Handwörterbuch / A Concise Old Saxon Dictionary, Berlin / New York: De Gruyter, p. s.v. ūt
20. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. ūz