𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽

Forms

𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (standan), an irregular strong verb of the sixth class.^[1][2] Miller gives the principal parts standan, -stōþ, stōþun.^[3] The past participle does not exist in Gothic.^[1][4] The commonest recorded forms are 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (standands) and 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌸 (standaiþ, eight times each), 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (standan, 6), 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸 (stōþ) and 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌸 (standiþ, five each), in the Wulfila project's count; the preterite plural 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸𐌿𐌽 (stōþun) occurs once.^[5]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *standaną (“to stand”),^[6][7] from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-.^[6][8] The cognates are Old Norse standa, Old English standan, Old Frisian stonda, Old Saxon standan and Old High German stantan.^[7] The preterite, which lacks the n, shows that it belongs to the present stem only;^[9] Feist takes the Germanic root as an extension of the Indo-European root for "stand", and compares Latin stō (“to stand”), sistō (“to set”) and Lithuanian stóti (“to place oneself”).^[9] Orel calls it a secondary nasal present derived from a shorter verb, and Kroonen describes the two as suppletive; the shorter verb gives forms such as Old Saxon stān and Old High German stān.^[10][7][9]

Attestation

The Wulfila project counts 47 tokens, in all four Gospels (11 in Luke), in Romans, 1 Corinthians, Ephesians, Galatians, Philippians, Colossians and 2 Timothy; 29 are in manuscript CA, the others in B (9), A (8) and C (1).^[5] Köbler counts 43 attestations.^[8] The first in canonical order is Matthew 6:5 in CA.^[5] In the PROIEL texts it renders Ancient Greek ἵστημι (hístēmi) 33 times, στήκω (stḗkō) seven times and παρίστημι (parístēmi) once.^[11] At Matthew 27:11: 𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐌴𐍃𐌿𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌰 (iþ Iesus stoþ faura kindina), "and Jesus stood before the governor".^[12]

Meanings

1. to stand (for Ancient Greek ἵστημι (hístēmi), στήκω (stḗkō))^[1][8][11]
2. to stand firm^[13]

Word family

• 𐌰𐍆𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (afstandan, “to fall away”)
• 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (andstandan, “to withstand, oppose”)
• 𐌰𐍄𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (atstandan, “to stand by, come near”)
• 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (bistandan, “to stand around”)
• 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (faurastandan, “to stand by; to preside”)
• 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (gastandan, “to stand still, remain”)
• 𐌹𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (instandan, “to be at hand”)
• 𐌼𐌹𐌸𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (miþstandan, “to stand with”)
• 𐍄𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (twisstandan, “to part from”)
• 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (usstandan, “to stand up, rise”)
• 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (anastōdjan, “to begin”)
• 𐌳𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (dustōdjan, “to begin”)
• 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸𐌰𐌽 (gastōþān, “to set up”)

Related words

• 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 (staþs, “place”)

References

1. ^ a b c Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910), Die gotische Bibel, II: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. standan
2. ^ Braune, Wilhelm; Heidermanns, Frank (2004), Gotische Grammatik, mit Lesestücken und Wörterverzeichnis, 20th ed., Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte A 1, Tübingen: Niemeyer, p. 295
3. ^ Miller, D. Gary (2019), The Oxford Gothic Grammar, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 188
4. ^ Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. standan
5. ^ a b c De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be
6. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽
7. ^ a b c Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 473
8. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. standan
9. ^ a b c Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. standan
10. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 371
11. ^ a b Haug, Dag T. T. et al., PROIEL Treebank: The Gothic Bible (gothic-nt), 2023 release, Pragmatic Resources in Old Indo-European Languages, University of Oslo
12. ^ De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be, p. Mt 27:11
13. ^ Lambdin, Thomas O. (2006), An Introduction to the Gothic Language, Eugene, Or.: Wipf and Stock, p. 183