𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂

Forms

𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 (ufar), an indeclinable preposition, with the accusative for direction and the dative for rest.^[1][2][3] It is also an adverb and a verbal prefix.^[4][5][6]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *uber (“over”),^[4][7][8] like Old Norse yfir, Old English ofer, Old Frisian over, Old Saxon obar and Old High German ubar.^[7][8] It continues Proto-Indo-European *upér (“over, above”), itself from *upo.^[4] The cognates outside Germanic include Avestan upairi, Old Persian upariy, Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Latin super and Old Irish for.^[7][9] Feist and Lehmann explain the initial s of the Latin word differently, Feist from a compound and Lehmann as in sub.^[10][9]

Attestation

The Wulfila project counts 49 tokens, in Matthew, John and Luke, in Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 2 Thessalonians and Philemon, in Nehemiah and in the Skeireins.^[3] Köbler counts 44 records.^[6] They are in manuscripts CA (20), A (14), B (12), E (2) and D (1).^[3] The first in canonical order is at Matthew 6:14.^[3] Of the 38 tokens PROIEL aligns with the Greek, twelve render Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), nine Ancient Greek ἐπί (epí), four Ancient Greek πέραν (péran) and two Ancient Greek ἐπάνω (epánō).^[11] At Matthew 6:14: afletiþ jah izwis atta izwar sa ufar himinam, "your Father above the heavens will forgive you too".^[12]

Meanings

1. with the accusative: over, across, beyond; above, in excess of, superior to^[2][1]
2. with the dative: above, over; over in rank, ruling over^[2][1]
3. ufar þatei, beyond what, in excess of what^[6][2]

Word family

• 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂- (ufar-, “over-, super-”)
• 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍉 (ufarō, “over, above”)
• 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿𐍃 (ufarassus, “abundance”)
• 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ufarassjan, “to abound”)
• 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐍃 (ufarfulls, “overfull”)
• 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (ufargaggan, “to go too far”)

Related words

• 𐌿𐍆 (uf, “under”)

References

1. ^ a b c Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910), Die gotische Bibel, II: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. ufar
2. ^ a b c d Regan, Brian T. (1974), Dictionary of the Biblical Gothic Language, Phoenix: Wulfila House, p. 163
3. ^ a b c d De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be
4. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂
5. ^ Braune, Wilhelm; Heidermanns, Frank (2004), Gotische Grammatik, mit Lesestücken und Wörterverzeichnis, 20th ed., Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte A 1, Tübingen: Niemeyer, p. 299
6. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. ufar
7. ^ a b c Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 557
8. ^ a b Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *uƀeri
9. ^ a b Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. ufar
10. ^ Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. ufar
11. ^ Haug, Dag T. T. et al., PROIEL Treebank: The Gothic Bible (gothic-nt), 2023 release, Pragmatic Resources in Old Indo-European Languages, University of Oslo
12. ^ De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be, p. Mt 6:14