inclusiv

Etymology

It is borrowed from French inclusif, a 19th-century loan;^{[1][2][3][4][5]} Marcu and the NODEX also name borrowed from Medieval Latin inclūsīvus.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} The French word is borrowed from the Medieval Latin one, which is formed on inclūsus (“shut in”), the participle of inclūdō (“to shut in, include”).^[6][7]

Earliest recorded meaning

Negulici's dictionary of 1848 has inclusiv or incluziv as an adjective, “that which includes something”, and as an adverb, “included here”, in counting from one item up to another inclusive.^[8] MDA2's first record is G. Călinescu in 1946.^[2]

Semantic evolution

The 19th-century dictionaries treat the word as an adjective first: Costinescu has inclusivŭ “that which includes”, also used as an adverb, beside the adverb inclusivemente, and Damé gives the inflected forms of the adjective.^[9][10] The modern language uses it as an adverb only: “together with”, and at the end of a series of numbers or dates, “the last one included”, in contrast with exclusiv.^[1][11]

Timeline

• 1848 – inclusiv, incluziv in Negulici.^[8]
• 1870 – inclusivŭ as an adjective and adverb in Costinescu.^[9]
• 1946 – in G. Călinescu, MDA2's first record.^[2]

Meanings

Adverb

1. including, together with: Au venit toți, inclusiv bunica.^[1][2][6]
2. inclusive, inclusively: the last item of a series of numbers or dates included: de luni până vineri inclusiv.^[1][2][6]

Related words

• include
• inclus
• exclusiv

References

1. ^ a b c d e DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 499
2. ^ a b c d e f Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 1125
3. ^ a b Costăchescu, Adriana; Dincă, Daniela; Dragoste, Ramona; Popescu, Mihaela; Scurtu, Gabriela (2009–2010), Dicționar de împrumuturi lexicale din limba franceză (DILF), 2 vols., Craiova: Universitaria, p. s.v. inclusiv
4. ^ a b Marcu, Florin (2000), Marele dicționar de neologisme, București: Saeculum Vizual, p. s.v. inclusiv
5. ^ a b Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. inclusiv
6. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
7. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
8. ^ a b Negulici, I. D. (1848), Vocabular romînesc de toate vorbele streine întroduse pînă acum în limba romînească și de toate cuvintele ce s-ar mai putea introduce încă, București, p. s.v. inclusiv
9. ^ a b Costinescu, Ion (1870), Vocabularu romano-francesu, 2 vols., Bucuresci, p. 1, 537
10. ^ Damé, Frédéric (1893–1895), Nouveau dictionnaire roumain-français, 4 vols., Bucarest: Imprimerie de l'État, p. s.v. inclusiv
11. ^ Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 2, 505