marină

Forms

marină f (plural marine)^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from French marine and Italian marina, as Tiktin, DEX, DN, MDA2 and Wiktionary give it.^{[2][3][4][5][1]} The French word comes from marin (“of the sea”), from Latin marīnus, from mare (“sea”).^[1] The Italian word is likewise the feminine of marino, used as a noun from the 13th century.^[6]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin and MDA2 date the first record to 1800, in Molnar's Romanian translation of Millot's universal history, printed at Buda, which explains it for its readers: „Marina, adecă oastea de pre mare” “the navy, that is, the army of the sea”.^[2][5][7]

Semantic evolution

Early 19th-century writers still glossed the new word: marină (flotă) in 1829, puterea de mare (marina) britanică in 1839.^[7] Beside the fleet, it meant the art of navigation: a periodical of 1829 explains marinii as meșteșugul mării “the craft of the sea”.^[7] Șăineanu and CADE add a seascape painting.^[8][9]

Timeline

• 1800 – marina “navy” in Molnar's translation of Millot.^[5][7]
• 1829 – the senses “fleet” and “art of navigation” in periodicals.^[7]
• 1857 – marină comercială “merchant navy”.^[7]
• 1862 – in Pontbriant's dictionary.^[7]
• 1870 – Costinescu defines it as the art of sailing and a nation's power at sea.^[10]
• 1929 – a painting of the sea, in Șăineanu's dictionary.^[8]

Meanings

Noun

1. The navy: all the ships and naval units of a state with their personnel: ofițer de marină “naval officer”;^[3][5][7] marină comercială “merchant navy”.^[3][5][7]
2. The science and technique of navigation.^[3][5]
3. A seascape, a painting of the sea.^[8][9][11]

Related words

• French marine
• Italian marina

Usage notes

The verb marina “to marinate” is a separate borrowing, from French mariner and German marinieren.^[3]

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. marină
3. ^ a b c d e DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 620
4. ^ Marcu, Florin; Maneca, Constant (1986), Dicționar de neologisme, 3rd ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. s.v. marină
5. ^ a b c d e f Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 1435
6. ^ Nocentini, Alberto; Parenti, Alessandro (2010), l'Etimologico: vocabolario della lingua italiana, Firenze: Le Monnier
7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. marină
8. ^ a b c Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 385
9. ^ a b Candrea, I.-A.; Adamescu, Gh. (1926–1931), Dicționarul enciclopedic ilustrat „Cartea Românească”, București: Cartea Românească, p. s.v. marină
10. ^ Costinescu, Ion (1870), Vocabularu romano-francesu, 2 vols., Bucuresci, p. 2, 72
11. ^ Moroianu, Cristian (2005), Dublete și triplete etimologice în limba română, București: Editura Universității din București, p. 157