includo

Pronunciation

• IPA (Classical): [ɪŋˈkɫuː.doː]^[1]
• IPA (Ecclesiastical): [iŋˈkluː.do]^[1]

Forms

inclūdō (present infinitive inclūdere, perfect active inclūsī, supine inclūsum); third conjugation^[1]

Etymology

It is from Latin in- + claudō (“to shut”).^[2][1] Claudō is *klaud-e/o-, from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂u-d- (“to shut”), related to clāvis “key”.^[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

Cicero writes of a decree of the senate shut up in the records.^[4] Köbler dates Cicero 81–43 BC.^[5]

Semantic evolution

It meant to put in a case or receptacle, as a sword sheathed to the hilt in Statius, and to shut up people or animals, as fish in ponds, or prisoners in jail, as in Livy.^[2][6] It meant to lock away, conceal, to fence in an area, to close up an opening or a wound, and to bring to an end, as Propertius' “tomorrow may end our fate”.^[2]

It meant to restrict a person or a sum, and to incorporate something in a document or speech.^[2] English include was borrowed in the early 15th century, first meaning to shut in.^[7]

Timeline

• 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of shutting up a decree and of the gods within walls.^[4][6][5]
• 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of shutting captives in prison.^[6][5]
• 57/46–12 BC – Propertius uses it of ending one's fate.^[2][5]
• early 15th century – English include is borrowed.^[7]

Meanings

Verb

1. To put in, enclose (in a case).^[2][1]
2. To shut up, confine, imprison.^[2][1]
3. To lock away, conceal.^[2]
4. To fence in (an area).^[2]
5. To close up, stop (an opening).^[2][1]
6. To end, round off.^[2][1]
7. To restrict, limit.^[2][1]
8. To incorporate, include (in a document).^[2][1]

Word family

• inclūsiō
• inclūsor
• inclūsus

Related words

• circumclūdō
• conclūdō
• disclūdō
• exclūdō
• interclūdō
• occlūdō
• praeclūdō
• rēclūdō
• sēclūdō
• claudo
• English include

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
4. ^ a b Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
5. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
6. ^ a b c Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918), Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th ed., ed. Heinrich Georges, Hannover; Leipzig: Hahn
7. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com