include

Forms

include (third-person singular present include, past participle inclus, third-person subjunctive includă); 3rd conjugation^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin inclūdō (“to shut in, enclose”), a learned loan.^[2][3][4][1] The DN compares French inclure.^[5] The Latin verb is formed from in- and claudō (“to shut”).^[1][6]

The same Latin verb lives on in the inherited închide “to close”, a doublet of the learned verb.^[1][7]

Earliest recorded meaning

MDA2's first record is G. Călinescu's novel Enigma Otiliei, in the edition of 1946.^[3] The participle and adjective inclus is in Scriban's dictionary of 1939, as “contained, enclosed”.^[8]

Semantic evolution

The verb has one main sense, “to contain, take in, comprise”.^[2][5] MDA2 separates “to put inside”, “to incorporate” and “to contain”, and a figurative “to presuppose, imply”.^[3] NODEX adds the reflexive a se include “to fall within a class or group”.^[9] It is the opposite of exclude.^[3]

Timeline

• 1946 – include in Călinescu's Enigma Otiliei (the edition MDA2 cites).^[3]
• 1948 – inclus in a medical book by C. I. Parhon.^[3]

Meanings

Verb

1. (transitive) To include, contain, comprise.^[2][3]
2. (transitive) To put in as a part of a whole; to incorporate: L-au inclus pe listă.^[9][3]
3. (figurative) To imply, presuppose.^[3]
4. (reflexive) To be part of a class, group or action.^[9]

Word family

• includere
• inclus

Related words

• închide
• exclude
• Latin inclūdō

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 499
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 1125
4. ^ Marcu, Florin (2000), Marele dicționar de neologisme, București: Saeculum Vizual, p. s.v. include
5. ^ a b Marcu, Florin; Maneca, Constant (1986), Dicționar de neologisme, 3rd ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. s.v. include
6. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
7. ^ Graur, Alexandru (1980), Cuvinte înrudite, București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică
8. ^ Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 630
9. ^ a b c Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. include