estrangeiro

Forms

estrangeiro m (plural estrangeiros, feminine estrangeira, feminine plural estrangeiras)^[1] Old Portuguese wrote strangeiro in the 14th century and estrrangeiro in the 15th;^[2][3][1] extrangeiro and estrangeyro are later spellings.^[2][3][1] The feminine is estrangeira.^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Old French estrangier, the source of French étranger, first as Old Galician-Portuguese strangeiro.^[3][4][1][5] The Old French word is derived from estrange (“strange, foreign”), from Latin extrāneus (“external, foreign”), which is formed from extrā (“outside”).^[3][4][2][6] Houaiss gives the modern French form as the source, and the DLP and Porto Editora set a Latin *extranearius behind the French word.^[2][7][8]

The French word was also borrowed as Spanish extranjero, recorded from 1396.^[9][10] The inherited outcome of the Latin word is estranho.^[9][11]

Earliest recorded meaning

Lorenzo's chronology has the word in a document of 1365, que não comprem strangeiros mercadores neste reino “that foreign merchants should not buy in this kingdom”, and again in 1380, mercadores assy strangeiros como da terra “merchants both foreign and native”.^[12] Houaiss dates the word to the 14th century from Cunha's medieval index.^[2]

Semantic evolution

The word has meant “of another country” from the first records, of people and later of things, customs and languages: Morais in 1789 calls words that are not Portuguese estrangeiras.^[12][13] It also meant someone from another region of the same land, a sense Figueiredo marks as old.^[14][2] As a noun o estrangeiro is “foreign countries, abroad”, chiefly in Portugal, and informally “a foreign language”.^[2][1] The 19th century formed estrangeirismo “foreign word or usage” (1833), estrangeirice (1873) and estrangeirado (1899).^[3]

Timeline

• 1365 – strangeiros mercadores in a document on trade.^[12]
• 1380 – mercadores assy strangeiros como da terra.^[12]
• 15th century – the spelling estrrangeiro.^[2][3]
• 1569 – Cardoso renders it by Latin aduena and peregrinus.^[15]
• 1712–1728 – Bluteau defines it as a man born in another kingdom.^[16]
• 1789 – Morais applies it to words that are not Portuguese.^[13]
• 1833 – first record of estrangeirismo.^[3]

Meanings

Adjective

1. foreign: from, of or belonging to another country: Gosta de ler romances estrangeiros.^[2][4][1]
2. (figurative) Not belonging to a region, class or setting; an outsider (forasteiro).^[2]

Noun

1. A foreigner.^[2][1][7]
2. (chiefly Portugal) Foreign countries; abroad: Os filhos vivem no estrangeiro.^[2][1]
3. (informal) A foreign language.^[2][7]

Word family

• estrangeirismo
• estrangeirado
• estrangeirice

Related words

• estranho
• French étranger
• Galician estranxeiro
• Spanish extranjero

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. estrangeiro
3. ^ a b c d e f g Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. estrangeiro
4. ^ a b c Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. estrangeiro
5. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. estrangeiro
6. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
7. ^ a b c Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. estrangeiro
8. ^ Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 3997
9. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 3098
10. ^ Corominas, Joan (1973), Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. extraño
11. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1955), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, vol. 1: Nomes comuns, Rio de Janeiro (1st ed. 1932, preface by W. Meyer-Lübke), p. 200
12. ^ a b c d Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. strangeiro
13. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 1, 67
14. ^ Figueiredo, Cândido de (1899), Novo diccionário da língua portuguesa, 1st ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Tavares Cardoso & Irmão, p. 571
15. ^ Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. estrangeiro
16. ^ Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. estrangeiro