estudar

Forms

estudar (first-person singular present estudo, first-person singular preterite estudei, past participle estudado)^[1]

Etymology

It is formed from Portuguese estudo + -ar, and is already Old Galician-Portuguese estudar in the oldest texts.^[2][3][4][1] The noun estudo is from Latin studium (“zeal; study”), which is formed from studeō (“to devote oneself, strive after”).^[5][6][7] De Vaan explains the Latin verb as a stative of a root meaning “to thrust”, from Proto-Indo-European *stud-eh₁-.^[8]

Older scholars took the verb from Latin directly: A. Coelho from the Latin verb itself, and Cortesão from an unrecorded Latin verb of the first conjugation;^[9] Nascentes rejects both and points out that Spanish estudiar, Italian studiare and French étudier all keep the ⟨i⟩ of the Latin noun.^[9] Silva Bastos and Figueiredo still gave the Latin verb as the source.^[10][11]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss and Cunha date the verb to the 13th century.^[2][6] In the Cantigas de Santa Maria it means “to apply oneself, be devoted” (sempre om' en ssa loor estude “let one always apply oneself to her praise”), and a cantiga of Alfonso X uses it of studying canon law: e Degreda soia estudar “and I used to study the Decretals”.^[12][13]

Semantic evolution

From “to apply oneself” the verb narrowed to learning: Cardoso (1569) glosses it with Latin studeo and literis incumbo “to apply oneself to letters”, and Bluteau (1712–1728) defines it as occupying oneself in learning human or divine letters.^[14][15] Morais (1813) adds the senses of exercising oneself to do something well and of rehearsing gestures before a mirror.^[16] In north-eastern Brazil the verb is said of a horse or ox standing motionless at the manger, or dozing on its feet.^[17][3]

Timeline

• 13th century – first record;^[2][12] estude in the Cantigas de Santa Maria and estudar in a cantiga of Alfonso X.^[2][12]
• c. 1430 – estudar in the Horto do Esposo.^[18]
• 1569 – Cardoso's dictionary lists Estudar.^[14]
• 1712–1728 – Bluteau defines it as applying oneself to letters.^[15]
• 1813 – Morais adds “to rehearse gestures”.^[16]

Meanings

Verb

1. (transitive, intransitive) To study; to apply the mind to learn a skill, a science or an art: estuda piano há três anos.^[2][4][1]
2. (transitive, intransitive) To attend classes or a course; to be a student: estudou direito em Coimbra.^[2][3]
3. (transitive) To try to understand by reflection; to examine, analyse closely: estudar uma proposta.^[2][4]
4. (transitive) To try to fix in the memory; to learn by heart: estudar o papel.^[4]
5. (transitive) To plan or rehearse in advance what one will do or say.^[3]
6. (north-eastern Brazil, intransitive) Of a horse or ox, to stand still before the manger without eating; to doze standing.^[17]

Related words

• estudante
• estudioso
• estudo
• Latin studium
• Spanish estudiar

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. estudar
3. ^ a b c d Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. estudar
4. ^ a b c d Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. estudar
5. ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. estudo
6. ^ a b Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. estudo
7. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. studium
8. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. studeo
9. ^ a b Nascentes, Antenor (1955), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, vol. 1: Nomes comuns, Rio de Janeiro (1st ed. 1932, preface by W. Meyer-Lübke), p. 201
10. ^ Silva Bastos, José Timóteo da (1912), Diccionario etymologico, prosodico e orthographico da lingua portugueza, Lisboa: Parceria António Maria Pereira, p. s.v. estudar
11. ^ Figueiredo, Cândido de (1899), Novo diccionário da língua portuguesa, 1st ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Tavares Cardoso & Irmão, p. 575
12. ^ a b c Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. estudar
13. ^ Universo Cantigas: Glosario da poesía medieval profana galego-portuguesa, A Coruña: Instituto da Lingua e Literatura (ILLA), Universidade da Coruña, https://www.universocantigas.gal, p. s.v. estudar
14. ^ a b Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. estudar
15. ^ a b Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. estudar
16. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 1, 787
17. ^ a b Navarro, Fred (2004), Dicionário do Nordeste, São Paulo: Estação Liberdade, p. s.v. estudar
18. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. estudar