substituição

Forms

substituição f (plural substituições)^[1] Houaiss records substituyçon in 1368 and substituição from 1600;^[2][3] Cunha gives a 14th-century sustituyçon.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin substitūtiō (“substitution; appointment of an alternative heir”), first recorded in 1368 as Old Galician-Portuguese substituyçon.^[2][1] Nascentes calls it semi-learned.^[4] Cunha takes it instead as borrowed from French an adaptation of French substitution, itself from Late Latin.^[3] The Latin noun is formed from substituō (“to put in place of another”) with the suffix -tiō, and the verb from sub- (“under”) and statuō (“to set up, establish”).^[5][1]

The same Latin word was borrowed as Galician substitución, Spanish sustitución, Catalan substitució and Italian sostituzione.^[1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss dates substituyçon to 1368 from Lorenzo's records.^[2] The Latin word was already a term of law for naming a second heir, and Cunha dates the related verb sustytuyr to the 15th century.^[5][3]

Semantic evolution

Latin used the noun for putting something or someone in place of another and, in legal language, for appointing a second or alternative heir.^[5][6] Morais (1789) defines it simply as the act of substituting or being substituted.^[7] Vieira (1871–1874) lists the kinds of testamentary substitution, among them the substituição pupillar, by which a father names an heir for a son who dies under fourteen.^[8] Silva Bastos (1912) and the old Aulete record a military sense, a man presented to serve in place of a recruit.^[9][10]

Modern dictionaries add senses in chemistry, the replacement of an atom or group in a molecule; in sport, the change of a player during a match; and in linguistics, music and psychoanalysis.^[2][11][12]

Timeline

• 1368 – first record, as substituyçon.^[2]
• 14th century – the form sustituyçon.^[3]
• 1600 – first record of the spelling substituição.^[2]
• 1789 – Morais defines the word as the act of substituting.^[7]
• 1871–1874 – Vieira describes the kinds of testamentary substitution.^[8]
• 1912 – Silva Bastos records the military sense.^[9]

Meanings

Noun

1. The act of substituting or of being substituted; replacement, troca: a substituição do velho telhado.^[2][11][1]
2. (sport) The change of one player for another during a game.^[2][10]
3. (law) A testamentary provision naming who is to inherit if the direct heir cannot;^[2][13] substituição fideicomissária, fideicomisso.^[2][13]
4. (chemistry) A reaction in which an atom or group of a molecule is replaced by another.^[2][11][12]
5. (linguistics) commutation; also the gradual loss of a mother tongue and the adoption of another language.^[2]
6. (music) In piano technique, the change of fingers on the same key.^[2]
7. (psychoanalysis) The replacement of one unconscious desire by another.^[2]

Related words

• substituir
• substituto
• substitutivo
• Latin substitūtiō
• Spanish sustitución

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. substituição
3. ^ a b c d e Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. substituir
4. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. substituição
5. ^ a b c Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. substitūtiō
6. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. s.v. substitūtiō
7. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 426
8. ^ a b Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 5, 615
9. ^ a b Silva Bastos, José Timóteo da (1912), Diccionario etymologico, prosodico e orthographico da lingua portugueza, Lisboa: Parceria António Maria Pereira, p. s.v. substituição
10. ^ a b Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. substituição
11. ^ a b c Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. substituição
12. ^ a b Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. substituição
13. ^ a b Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. substituição