estômago

Forms

estômago m (plural estômagos)^[1] The old spelling was estamago (14th century), with estamaguo, stamago and stomago in the 15th;^[2][3] estomago is from the 16th century.^[2][3] Cardoso's dictionary of 1569 still heads the word Estamago.^[4]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin stomachus (“gullet; stomach; anger”), first recorded in the 14th century as Old Galician-Portuguese estamago.^[2][3][1] Nascentes calls it a semi-learned word and names bucho as the popular word for the organ.^[5] The Latin word is from Ancient Greek στόμαχος (stómakhos, “throat, gullet; stomach”).^[2][6]

The same Latin word is Galician estómago, Spanish estómago, Catalan estómac, French estomac and Italian stomaco.^[7][8]

The Greek noun is formed from στόμα (stóma, “mouth”); it first meant the throat, and only late “the stomach”.^[9][10][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss and Cunha date the form estamago to the 14th century; the Horto do Esposo (copied 1390–1437) uses it.^[2][3][11]

Semantic evolution

In Latin the word had already passed from the gullet to the stomach and, figuratively, to anger and taste.^[6][2] Morais's dictionary defines it as the bucho where food is digested and records the figurative senses “endurance” (ter estômago para sofrer) and “courage” (ter bom estômago na adversidade), quoting Camões.^[12]

Houaiss adds the outer part of the body over the stomach, “disposition, energy”, the capacity to face hardship and a strong interest in money, and the phrases forrar o estômago “to eat a little before drinking” and enganar o estômago “to stave off hunger with a bite”.^[2]

Timeline

• 14th century – first record, as estamago.^[2][3]
• c. 1430 – estamago in the Horto do Esposo.^[11]
• 16th century – the spelling estomago.^[2][3]
• 1569 – Cardoso heads it Estamago.^[4]
• 1813 – Morais records the figurative senses “endurance” and “courage”.^[12]

Meanings

Noun

1. (anatomy) The stomach, the hollow organ of the digestive tract between the oesophagus and the duodenum.^[2][13][1]
2. The outer part of the body over the stomach, the belly.^[2][14]
3. (figurative) Disposition, energy, appetite for something: Já não tenho estômago para festas.^[2][13]
4. (figurative) The ability to put up with unpleasant things; patience.^[2][13]
5. (figurative) A strong interest in money.^[2][13]

Related words

• estomacal
• estomático
• Latin stomachus
• Spanish estómago

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. estômago
3. ^ a b c d e f Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. estômago
4. ^ a b Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. estamago
5. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. estômago
6. ^ a b Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. stomachus
7. ^ García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954), p. s.v. stomachus
8. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter
9. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. στόμαχος
10. ^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; Jones, Henry Stuart (1940), A Greek-English Lexicon, 9th ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. s.v. στόμαχος
11. ^ a b Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. estamago
12. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 1, 778
13. ^ a b c d Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. estômago
14. ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. estômago