Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word estimular
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Borrowing
- First attested
- 1525 spelt estymulado More words from the 16th century
- Borrowed from
- Latin stimulo
- Ultimate origin
- Latin stimulus
Etymology tree
Derivations
From the same root
Pronunciation
Forms
estimular (first-person singular present estimulo, first-person singular preterite estimulei, past participle estimulado)[1]
Etymology
It is borrowed from Latin stimulō (“to prick with a goad; to rouse, incite”).[2][3][1] Nascentes calls it semi-learned.[4] The Latin verb is formed from stimulus (“goad; sting; spur, incentive”), which also gave Portuguese estímulo, recorded in the 15th century.[5][6][1] Wiktionary connects the noun with a possible Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *(s)tey- (“sharp object”), but notes that de Vaan doubts the connection with the root of Ancient Greek στίζω (stízō, “to mark”).[1]
A popular form of the verb, estumar “to goad, stimulate”, recorded by Figueiredo in Portugal and Brazil, is traced by García de Diego to Vulgar Latin stumulō, a variant of the Latin verb.[7]
Earliest recorded meaning
The first record, of 1525, is the past participle estymulado; the infinitive estimular is dated 1694.[2][3] A letter of 1642 in the Post Scriptum corpus has estemulado.[8]
Semantic evolution
Pereira (1697) and Bluteau (1712–1728) render the verb by Latin stimulo and instigo, in the senses “to rouse, urge on” and “to irritate”: Bluteau's examples are urging someone to act and stirring one person against another.[9][10] Feijó (1734) insists on estimular, not estimolar.[11] Morais (1789) adds the literal senses “to prick, goad”, salt stimulating the tongue, and the sense “to offend”, which Silva Bastos and Figueiredo still record and Dicio marks as old.[12][13][14] Physiology gave it the sense of exciting an organ or a nerve to activity, and the modern language uses it above all for encouraging people and promoting growth or development.[2][15][16]
Timeline
- 1525 – first record, the participle estymulado.[2][3]
- 1642 – estemulado in a private letter.[8]
- 1694 – first record of the infinitive estimular.[2]
- 1697 – Pereira's Thesouro lists Estimular.[9]
- 1734 – Feijó rejects the spelling estimolar.[11]
- 1789 – Morais gives the senses “to excite, incite, goad” and “to offend”.[12]
Meanings
Verb
- To encourage, to rouse the interest or spirit of; to incite someone to do something: Os professores estimulavam-na a escrever.[2][17][18]
- To promote, to work for the growth or increase of something: estimular a economia.[2][19]
- (physiology) To stimulate an organ, nerve or muscle into activity; to excite a reaction: O café estimula o coração.[2][15][16]
- To prick or goad an animal to make it move or work.[18][16]
- (reflexive) To be roused to pride or emulation.[19][20]
- (archaic) To offend, irritate.[14][13]
Related words
- estímulo
- Latin stimulus
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. estimular
- ^ a b c Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. estímulo
- ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. estimular
- ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. stimulō
- ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. estímulo
- ^ García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954), p. s.v. stimulare
- ^ a b CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. estimular
- ^ a b Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. estimular
- ^ Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. estimular
- ^ a b Feijó, João de Morais Madureira (1734), Orthographia, ou Arte de escrever, e pronunciar com acerto a lingua portugueza, Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. estimular
- ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 1, 64
- ^ a b Silva Bastos, José Timóteo da (1912), Diccionario etymologico, prosodico e orthographico da lingua portugueza, Lisboa: Parceria António Maria Pereira, p. s.v. estimular
- ^ a b Figueiredo, Cândido de (1899), Novo diccionário da língua portuguesa, 1st ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Tavares Cardoso & Irmão, p. 568
- ^ a b Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. estimular
- ^ a b c Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. estimular
- ^ Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. estimular
- ^ a b Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. estimular
- ^ a b Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. estimular
- ^ Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 3977
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Estimular.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/estimular. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.
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