Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word estimular

Confidence
Established
Formation
Borrowing
First attested
1525 spelt estymulado More words from the 16th century
Borrowed from
Latin stimulo
Ultimate origin
Latin stimulus
Etymology tree
inherited borrowed derived
Latin stimulus
English stimulus
Latin stimulō
French stimuler
Portuguese estimular
Spanish estimular
Derivations
From the same root
Latin exstimulō ← stimulō
Latin stimulātiō ← stimulō
French stimulant ← stimuler

Pronunciation

  • Brazil: /is.t͡ʃi.muˈla(ʁ)/, [is.t͡ʃi.muˈla(h)], /es.t͡ʃi.muˈla(ʁ)/[1]
  • São-Paulo: /is.t͡ʃi.muˈla(ɾ)/, /es.t͡ʃi.muˈla(ɾ)/[1]
  • Rio-de-Janeiro: /iʃ.t͡ʃi.muˈla(ʁ)/, [iʃ.t͡ʃi.muˈla(χ)], /eʃ.t͡ʃi.muˈla(ʁ)/[1]
  • Caipira: /is.t͡ʃi.muˈla(ɻ)/, /es.t͡ʃi.muˈla(ɻ)/[1]

Forms

estimular (first-person singular present estimulo, first-person singular preterite estimulei, past participle estimulado)[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin stimulō (“to prick with a goad; to rouse, incite”).[2][3][1] Nascentes calls it semi-learned.[4] The Latin verb is formed from stimulus (“goad; sting; spur, incentive”), which also gave Portuguese estímulo, recorded in the 15th century.[5][6][1] Wiktionary connects the noun with a possible Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *(s)tey- (“sharp object”), but notes that de Vaan doubts the connection with the root of Ancient Greek στίζω (stízō, “to mark”).[1]

A popular form of the verb, estumar “to goad, stimulate”, recorded by Figueiredo in Portugal and Brazil, is traced by García de Diego to Vulgar Latin stumulō, a variant of the Latin verb.[7]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record, of 1525, is the past participle estymulado; the infinitive estimular is dated 1694.[2][3] A letter of 1642 in the Post Scriptum corpus has estemulado.[8]

Semantic evolution

Pereira (1697) and Bluteau (1712–1728) render the verb by Latin stimulo and instigo, in the senses “to rouse, urge on” and “to irritate”: Bluteau's examples are urging someone to act and stirring one person against another.[9][10] Feijó (1734) insists on estimular, not estimolar.[11] Morais (1789) adds the literal senses “to prick, goad”, salt stimulating the tongue, and the sense “to offend”, which Silva Bastos and Figueiredo still record and Dicio marks as old.[12][13][14] Physiology gave it the sense of exciting an organ or a nerve to activity, and the modern language uses it above all for encouraging people and promoting growth or development.[2][15][16]

Timeline

  • 1525 – first record, the participle estymulado.[2][3]
  • 1642 – estemulado in a private letter.[8]
  • 1694 – first record of the infinitive estimular.[2]
  • 1697 – Pereira's Thesouro lists Estimular.[9]
  • 1734 – Feijó rejects the spelling estimolar.[11]
  • 1789 – Morais gives the senses “to excite, incite, goad” and “to offend”.[12]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To encourage, to rouse the interest or spirit of; to incite someone to do something: Os professores estimulavam-na a escrever.[2][17][18]
  2. To promote, to work for the growth or increase of something: estimular a economia.[2][19]
  3. (physiology) To stimulate an organ, nerve or muscle into activity; to excite a reaction: O café estimula o coração.[2][15][16]
  4. To prick or goad an animal to make it move or work.[18][16]
  5. (reflexive) To be roused to pride or emulation.[19][20]
  6. (archaic) To offend, irritate.[14][13]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. estimular
  3. ^ a b c Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. estímulo
  4. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. estimular
  5. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. stimulō
  6. ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. estímulo
  7. ^ García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954), p. s.v. stimulare
  8. ^ a b CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. estimular
  9. ^ a b Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. estimular
  10. ^ Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. estimular
  11. ^ a b Feijó, João de Morais Madureira (1734), Orthographia, ou Arte de escrever, e pronunciar com acerto a lingua portugueza, Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. estimular
  12. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 1, 64
  13. ^ a b Silva Bastos, José Timóteo da (1912), Diccionario etymologico, prosodico e orthographico da lingua portugueza, Lisboa: Parceria António Maria Pereira, p. s.v. estimular
  14. ^ a b Figueiredo, Cândido de (1899), Novo diccionário da língua portuguesa, 1st ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Tavares Cardoso & Irmão, p. 568
  15. ^ a b Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. estimular
  16. ^ a b c Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. estimular
  17. ^ Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. estimular
  18. ^ a b Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. estimular
  19. ^ a b Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. estimular
  20. ^ Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 3977

Related etymologies

Cite this entry

“Estimular.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/estimular. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.

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