extraneus

Pronunciation

• IPA (Classical): [ɛkˈstraː.ne.ʊs]^[1]
• IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ekˈstraː.ne.us]^[1]

Forms

extrāneus (feminine extrānea, neuter extrāneum); first/second-declension adjective^[1]

Etymology

It is from extrā “outside” with the suffix -āneus, as Priscian notes.^[2][1][3]

Earliest recorded meaning

The OLD's earliest citation is from the Rhetorica ad Herennium, of what is external.^[2] Köbler dates it 86/82 BC.^[4]

Semantic evolution

It meant external, not inherent, as in the Rhetorica ad Herennium and Cicero, and coming from abroad, foreign.^[2][5] Lewis and Short call it mostly post-Augustan.^[6] In law it meant not of one's family or household, and as a noun a stranger, and extrāneus hērēs was an heir not under the testator's power.^[2] Columella uses it of matters outside the house.^[2] Döderlein explains that exterus and externus are foreigners living abroad, peregrīnus and advena those staying for a time.^[7]

In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant external, strange, foreign, and as a noun a stranger.^[8] Medieval Latin also used it of someone banished.^[9] It passed through Old French estrange into English strange, and survives in Italian strano and Romanian străin; English extraneous is a learned borrowing of the 1630s.^[10][1]

Timeline

• 86/82 BC – The Rhetorica ad Herennium uses it of the external.^[2][4]
• 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the foreign.^[2][4]
• c. 75–c. 150 AD – Suetonius uses it as a noun, a stranger.^[4][5]
• 1630s – English extraneous is recorded.^[10]

Meanings

Adjective

1. Not of one's family; as a noun, a stranger.^[2]
2. Foreign.^[2]
3. External, not inherent, extraneous.^[2]
4. (Medieval Latin) Banished.^[9]

Word family

• extraneo

Related words

• extrā
• externus
• peregrīnus
• English strange
• English extraneous

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. ^ Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
4. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
5. ^ a b Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
6. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
7. ^ Döderlein, Ludwig (1874), Döderlein’s Hand-book of Latin Synonymes, tr. H. H. Arnold, Andover: W. F. Draper
8. ^ Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
9. ^ a b Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
10. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com