iugalis

Forms

iugālis (neuter iugāle); third-declension two-termination adjective^[1] Inscriptions and manuscripts also spell it with c for g.^[2]

Etymology

It is from Latin iugum (“yoke”) + -ālis.^[3][4][5][2] De Vaan lists iugum under iungō “to join, yoke” and traces it to Proto-Indo-European *(H)iugo- (“yoke”), comparing Hittite iūk- (“yoke, pair”) and Ancient Greek ζεύγνυμι (zeúgnumi).^[6]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler dates it from Catullus,^[5] who uses it of the marriage torches.^[3]

Semantic evolution

Of beasts it is bearing or used to the yoke: Curtius has a great number of yoke horses and pack animals, and in Virgil ⟨iugālēs⟩ is a pair of yoked horses.^[3][4] Celsus calls a bone near the ear ⟨os iugāle⟩, the cheekbone, from the same likeness as the Greek name.^[3] From the yoke of marriage it is matrimonial: Virgil has a resolve not to join oneself to anyone in the bond of marriage.^[3] Church Latin glosses it of a yoke, connecting.^[7] In Late and medieval Latin it is used as a noun for a husband or wife, and in the plural for a married couple.^[8] Köbler also records it in Cyprian.^[5]

Timeline

• 81/79–52/50 BC – Catullus of marriage torches.^[3][5]
• 70–19 BC – Virgil of a team of horses and of the bond of marriage.^[3][4][5]
• 14–37 AD – Celsus of the cheekbone.^[3][5]
• 1st century AD – Curtius of yoke horses.^[3][5]

Meanings

Adjective

1. Of a yoke, yoked together, used to the yoke.^[3][4][1][7]
2. os iugāle, the cheekbone.^[3][4]
3. Of marriage, matrimonial, nuptial.^[3]

Noun

1. (plural) A team of horses.^[3][4]
2. (Late and Medieval Latin) A husband, wife;^[8] (plural) a married couple.^[8]

Word family

• iugālitās
• subiugālis

Related words

• iugum
• coniugālis

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
4. ^ a b c d e f Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
5. ^ a b c d e f g Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
6. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
7. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
8. ^ a b c Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill