iugo

Forms

iugō (present infinitive iugāre, perfect active iugāvī, supine iugātum); first conjugation^[1]

Etymology

It is from Latin iugum (“yoke”) + -ō, a verb made from the noun for the yoke.^[2][3] The noun goes back to Proto-Indo-European *(H)iugo- (“yoke”), from the root of iungō (“to join, yoke”).^[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

The OLD's first example is from Laevius, who asks why the Sun lets out his fiery reins and binds them closer to the earth.^[2][5]

Semantic evolution

The verb meant to fasten or join one thing to another,^[2][6] and in farming, as in Columella, to tie a vine to the cross-bars of a trellis.^[2][6] Poets used it for joining in marriage: Catullus writes that Thetis' father saw that Peleus should be joined to her, and Virgil has the pluperfect iugārat of a first marriage arranged by a father.^[2][6]

In Ecclesiastical Latin it means to bind, connect or yoke.^[7]

Timeline

• 2nd/1st century BC – Laevius uses it for binding the Sun's reins to the earth.^[2][5]
• 81/79–52/50 BC – Catullus uses it for joining in marriage.^[2][5]
• 70–19 BC – Virgil uses iugārat of a marriage.^[6][5]
• 1st century AD – Columella uses it for tying vines to a trellis.^[2][5]

Meanings

Verb

1. To fasten, bind, join (to something).^[2][6]
2. (agriculture) To tie a vine to horizontal bars.^[2][6]
3. To join in marriage, couple.^[2][6]
4. (Ecclesiastical Latin) To yoke, connect.^[7]

Word family

• abiugō
• adiugō
• coniugō
• dēiugō
• dīiugō
• iniugātus
• iugabilis
• iugātiō
• iugator
• sēiugō

Usage notes

A separate verb iūgō (or iūgiō), of the third conjugation and imitative in origin, meant to utter the cry of the kite; it is known only through a passage of Varro quoted by Nonius, and through a gloss.^[2][6]

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. ^ Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
4. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
5. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
6. ^ a b c d e f g h Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
7. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson