subiugo

Forms

subiugō (present infinitive subiugāre, perfect active subiugāvī, supine subiugātum); first conjugation^[1]

Etymology

It is formed from Latin sub- + iugō (“to yoke”).^[2][3] The verb is from Latin iugum (“yoke”), which goes back to Proto-Indo-European *yugóm.^[1]

Earliest recorded meaning

It is a late word.^[4] The OLD cites it from Ampelius and Terentianus Maurus,^[2] and Arnobius uses it in the literal sense, to send under the yoke.^[4][5]

Semantic evolution

From the literal sense of sending a defeated army under the yoke it came to mean to subdue or subjugate in general, with the dative also to make subject to something.^[4][5][6] Terentianus Maurus uses it in metre for a consonant joined to a vowel.^[2][7] It remained in Ecclesiastical Latin.^[8]

English formed subjugate from its past participle in the early 15th century.^[9]

Timeline

• 297–310 AD – Arnobius uses it of sending under the yoke.^[4][5][10]
• c. 250–317 AD – Lactantius uses it with the dative, to make subject to.^[5][6][10]
• c. 370 AD – Eutropius uses it of a Roman army sent under the yoke.^[4][5][10]
• early 15th century – English subjugate is formed from its past participle.^[9]

Meanings

Verb

1. To send under the yoke (a defeated army).^[4][5][6]
2. To subjugate, subdue, make subject; with the dative, to subject to.^[2][4][6]
3. (grammar) To join on after, subjoin.^[2][7]

Word family

• subiugātiō
• subiugātor
• subiugus

Related words

• English subjugate

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. ^ Bianchi, Rossella; Lelli, Olga (2014), VOLI: Vocabolario di latino, Florence: Le Monnier
4. ^ a b c d e f g Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
5. ^ a b c d e f Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918), Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th ed., ed. Heinrich Georges, Hannover; Leipzig: Hahn
6. ^ a b c d Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
7. ^ a b Conte, Gian Biagio; Pianezzola, Emilio; Ranucci, Giuliano (2010), il Latino: Vocabolario della lingua latina, 3rd ed., Florence: Le Monnier
8. ^ Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
9. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
10. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de