jug

Forms

jug n (plural juguri)^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin iugum (“yoke”).^{[2][3][4][5][6][7][1]} The Latin word goes back through Proto-Italic *jugom to Proto-Indo-European *yugóm, formed on the root *yewg- (“to yoke, join”).^[1] Its cognates include Ancient Greek ζυγόν (zugón), Sanskrit युग (yuga), Gothic 𐌾𐌿𐌺 (juk) and Old Church Slavonic иго (igo).^[1][8][9]

The word survives in all four branches: Aromanian giug, Megleno-Romanian jug and Istro-Romanian jug.^{[2][10][11][12]} The Aromanian word also means “mountain ridge, ascent”.^[10][13] Its Romance cognates include Italian giogo, Occitan jo, French joug, Catalan jou, Spanish yugo and Portuguese jugo.^[2]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin's first record is in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki of the early 16th century.^[5] Coresi's Tetraevanghel (1560–1561) already has the figurative sense, in Matthew 11:29: „Luați jugul mieu pre voi” “Take my yoke upon you”.^[5] MDA2 dates the word to Coresi's Evanghelie cu învățătură of 1581.^[3]

Semantic evolution

The yoke for a pair of oxen gave several measures: a pair of oxen, a cartload (un jug de paie “a cart of straw”), and a piece of land that a pair of oxen can plough in a day.^[3][14][2] The figurative senses of servitude, humiliation and hard work go back to the Gospel text and live on in a trage la jug “to pull in the yoke, toil”.^[5][3][4] The name also passed to other wooden frames: the collar of a draught horse, the triangular yoke put on pigs to stop them going through fences, the frame of the blade in a water-driven sawmill, beams of a house and parts of the loom.^[2][14][15] Electrical engineering uses it for the part of a magnetic circuit without windings.^[4] In jesting slang it is marriage.^[16]

Among the derivatives, jugan “gelding, castrated ox” is explained by Ciorănescu as an animal made fit for the yoke, while Tiktin thought of a yoke-shaped clamp used for castration.^[2] Jugastru “field maple”, whose wood served for yokes, is from jug with the suffix -astru or from a Latin *iugaster.^[2]

Timeline

• c. 1500–1520 – jug in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki, the first record.^[5]
• 1560–1561 – jugul “the yoke” (figurative) in Coresi's Tetraevanghel, Matthew 11:29.^[5]
• 1581 – Coresi's Evanghelie cu învățătură.^[3]
• 1649 – Mardarie's lexicon glosses Slavonic иго “yoke” with it.^[17]
• 1688 – frequent in the Bucharest Bible.^[18]
• 1825 – jugu glossed with Latin jugum in the Lexicon de la Buda.^[19]

Meanings

Noun

1. yoke: a wooden device laid on the necks of cattle that pull a cart or plough, or tied to their horns in some countries.^[4][3]
2. (figurative) hard, unpleasant work; servitude, tyranny.^[4]
3. A triangular wooden collar put on pigs; a leather-covered wooden collar for horses through which the traces pass.^[4]
4. A frame- or ring-shaped part that holds other parts of a machine or tool; a beam in roof construction.^[4]
5. (electrical engineering) the part of the magnetic circuit of a machine that has no windings.^[4]
6. (dated or regional) a pair of oxen; a piece of land that a pair of oxen can plough in a day.^[3]

Word family

• jugan
• jugăni
• jugar
• înjuga
• subjuga
• jugastru

Related words

• Aromanian giug
• Latin iugum

Usage notes

A trage la jug means literally to pull the cart or plough, and figuratively to work hard, beyond one's strength.^[4]

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. jug
3. ^ a b c d e f g Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 1291
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 568
5. ^ a b c d e f Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. jug
6. ^ Pușcariu, Sextil (1905), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der rumänischen Sprache I: Lateinisches Element, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. 80
7. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 4610
8. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
9. ^ Georgiev, Vladimir I. et al. (eds.) (1971–), Bălgarski etimologičen rečnik, Sofija: Izdatelstvo na Bălgarskata akademija na naukite, p. 2, 7
10. ^ a b Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 536
11. ^ Popovici, Iosif (1909), Dialectele romîne din Istria II: texte și glosar, Halle a. S., p. 118
12. ^ Kovačec, August (1998), Istrorumunjsko-hrvatski rječnik (s gramatikom i tekstovima), Pula
13. ^ Pascu, Giorge (1925), Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. (I: Les éléments latins et romans; II: Les éléments grecs, turcs, slaves, albanais, germaniques, magyars, néologismes, créations immédiates, obscurs), Iași: Cultura Națională, p. 1, 93
14. ^ a b Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. jug
15. ^ Damé, Frédéric (1893–1895), Nouveau dictionnaire roumain-français, 4 vols., Bucarest: Imprimerie de l'État, p. 1
16. ^ Volceanov, George (2007), Dicționar de argou al limbii române, București: Niculescu, p. s.v. jug
17. ^ Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. jug
18. ^ Biblia, adecă Dumnezeiasca Scriptură a ceii vechi și a ceii noao leage, București, 1688 (ed. 1988, tricentennial edition), p. Ieșirea 34:20
19. ^ Lesicon românescu-latinescu-ungurescu-nemțescu quare de mai mulți autori, în cursul a trideci și mai multor ani s-au lucrat (1825), Buda: Typographia Universității (the Lexicon of Buda, ed. Petru Maior et al.), p. 337