iudicatum

Forms

iūdicātum n (genitive iūdicātī); second declension^[1]

Etymology

It is from Latin iūdicātus, the perfect passive participle of iūdicō (“to judge”), used in the neuter as a noun.^[2][1][3] That verb is from iūdex (“judge”), which de Vaan derives from ⟨*ious-dik-⟩, a compound of the forerunners of iūs² (“law”) and dīcō² (“to say”).^[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

It first appears in the Twelve Tables in the phrase iūdicātum facere, of a debtor who satisfies a judgement.^[2][5]

Semantic evolution

The Rhetorica ad Herennium defines it as a matter on which a sentence has been passed (iūdicātum est id dē quō sententia lāta est),^[2] and Cicero and Quintilian use it of an accepted judgement that serves as a precedent.^[2][3] In legal phrases it was the sum a court ordered to be paid: iūdicātum solvere meant to pay a judgement debt,^[3][6] and iūdicātum nōn facere to fail to comply with a judgement.^[6]

In medieval Latin it was the written record of a sentence and also a will or deed of gift taking effect after death.^[7] British writers used it of a legal judgement and of a penalty imposed by a court.^[8] It survives in Italian giudicato.^[3]

Timeline

• c. 450 BC – The Twelve Tables speak of a debtor who does not satisfy a judgement.^[2][9]
• 86/82 BC – The Rhetorica ad Herennium defines it as a matter on which sentence has been passed.^[2][9]
• 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of a precedent and of a judgement debt.^[2][3][9]
• before 223 AD – Ulpian uses it of a judgement debt.^[3][9]

Meanings

Noun

1. (law) A judicial decision, judgement; especially an accepted judgement, a precedent.^[2][6][3]
2. (law) A debt whose payment a court has ordered, a judgement debt.^[2][3]
3. (Medieval Latin) The record of a sentence.^[7]
4. (Medieval Latin) A will or deed of gift taking effect after death.^[7]
5. (Medieval Latin) A penalty imposed by a court.^[8]

Related words

• iūdicō
• iūdex
• iūdicium

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Conte, Gian Biagio; Pianezzola, Emilio; Ranucci, Giuliano (2010), il Latino: Vocabolario della lingua latina, 3rd ed., Florence: Le Monnier
4. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
5. ^ Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
6. ^ a b c Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918), Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th ed., ed. Heinrich Georges, Hannover; Leipzig: Hahn
7. ^ a b c Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
8. ^ a b Latham, R. E., D. R. Howlett, R. K. Ashdowne, et al. (1975–2013), Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, London: British Academy / Oxford University Press
9. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de