Proto-West Germanic words from Proto-Germanic
456 Proto-West Germanic words with Proto-Germanic in their history, whether borrowed directly or passed on through other languages (page 7).
*stahl
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *stahlą (“steel”), which Kroonen cites as *stahla-, Orel as *staxlan, EWA as *staχla- and Köbler as *stahala- or *stahla-.
*stain
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *stainaz (“stone”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *staina- and Orel as *stainaz. Ringe and Taylor derive the West Germanic form from the Proto-Germanic and…
*stainīn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *stainīnaz (“(made) of stone”), which Ringe and Taylor cite beside Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (staineins) and Old High German steinīn. Adjectives of material in *-īna-…
*stalljan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *stalljaną (“to put”), which Kroonen cites as *stalljan- and Köbler as *stalljan. Kroonen names the verb under the noun *stalla- "standing, stand, stall, stable"…
*stān
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *stāną (“to stand”), a present stem that Ringe writes *stā- ~ *stai-, Kroonen *stēn-, Orel *stēnan and Köbler *stēn, *stǣn. Ringe reconstructs two Proto-Germanic…
*standan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *standaną (“to stand”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *standan-, Orel as *stanđanan and Fulk as *standanan. In the northern West Germanic dialects the stressed…
*stark
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *starkuz (“stiff, strong”), which Köbler cites as *starku- or *starka-, Kroonen as *starka-, Orel as *starkaz and Heidermanns as *starka-. Kroonen takes it for an…
*stautan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *stautaną (“to push, to strike”), which Kroonen cites as *stautan-, Orel as *stautanan and EWA as *stau̯t-e/a-. Gothic has the same verb, Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽…
*stebnu
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *stebnō (“voice”), which Orel writes *steƀnō and Köbler *stemnō, *stebnō. Kroonen takes the Proto-Germanic word for a stem in *-nō- that continues an older…
*sterban
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *sterbaną (“to become stiff, to die”), which Kroonen cites as *sterban-, Orel as *sterƀanan and EWA as *sterƀ-e/a-. In Old English the *e before r and a consonant…
*stīgan
Wiktionary reconstructs *stīgan "to climb, to ascend". It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *stīganą (“to go up, to climb”), which Kroonen cites as *stīgan-, Orel as *stīʒanan and Köbler as…
*stikkō
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *stikkô (“stick, pole”), which Köbler sets up as a weak masculine *stikkō-, *stikkōn, beside *stekkō-, *stekkōn. Kroonen traces Old English sticca (“stick, peg”)…
*stillī
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *stelljaz (“still, quiet”) in Orel's reconstruction, probably derived from the strong verb *stelanan in an original sense "to stretch". Köbler also sets up…
*stinkwan
Ringe and Taylor reconstruct *stinkwan for Proto-West Germanic, and Wiktionary has the same form. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *stinkwaną (“to knock, to thrust”), which Kroonen cites…
*stirniju
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *sternjō (“forehead”), which EWA writes *sternii̯ō[n]-. EWA finds the etymology uncertain, because the West Germanic word has no other cognates. It is usually…
*stiurijan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *stiurijaną (“to steer, to direct”), which Kroonen cites as *steurjan- and Orel as *steurjanan. Ringe and Taylor give the form *stiurijaną for Proto-Northwest…
*stokk
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *stukkaz (“stick”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *stukka- and Orel as *stukkaz. Boutkan and Siebinga set up Proto-Frisian *stokk.
*stoppōn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *stoppōn (“to stuff, to close”) in Köbler's reconstruction, who refers it, with a query, to Medieval Latin stuppō (“to stop up with tow”), beside Latin stuppa…
*strakkjan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *strakkjaną (“to stretch”), which Orel cites as *strakkjanan and Köbler as *strakkjan. Orel derives it from *strak(k)az. LÄGLOS writes the Proto-Germanic verb…
*strīkan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *strīkaną (“to stroke”). Kroonen and Köbler set up the Proto-Germanic strong verb behind the West Germanic forms, which Köbler writes *streikan, *strīkan, and…
*stukkī
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *stukkiją (“piece”), which Kroonen cites as *stukkja- and Orel as *stukkjan. Ringe and Taylor give Proto-Northwest Germanic *stukkiją "piece", which became…
*stundu
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *stundō (“point in time, period of time”), which Orel writes *stunđō and EWA *stunđō-. Boutkan and Siebinga set up Proto-Frisian *stundi.
*sumar
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *sumaraz (“summer”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *sumara-, Köbler as *sumara- or *sumera-, and EWA as *sumera-. Ringe and Taylor cite the word as an example…
*sunu
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *sunuz (“son”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *sunu- and Orel as *sunuz. With the loss of final *-z the nominative *sunuz and the accusative *sunų merged in…
*swā
1. It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *swa (“so, thus”), which Köbler sets up beside *swē and *swō. Ringe and Taylor take the long vowel for a Proto-West Germanic lengthening of word-final vowels…
*swār
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *swēraz (“heavy”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *swēra-. Boutkan and Siebinga write its vowel as *ē₁, Proto-Germanic *swē₁ra- and Proto-Frisian *swē₁r. In…
*swart
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *swartaz (“black”), which Heidermanns cites by its stem *swarta- and EWA as *su̯arta-. Ringe and Taylor trace Old English sweart from Proto-Germanic *swartaz…
*swōtī
Ringe and Taylor reconstruct *swōtī for Proto-West Germanic, and Wiktionary has the same form. It continues the u-stem adjective inherited from Proto-Germanic *swōtuz (“sweet, pleasant”), which…
*taikn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *taikną (“sign”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *taikna- and Orel as *taiknan. The Proto-West Germanic loss of final *-ą left the *n standing between an…
*talljan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *taljaną (“to count, to narrate”), which Kroonen cites as *taljan- and Orel as *taljanan. Ringe and Taylor trace the form, with *ll against the single *l of…
*talōn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *talōną (“to count, to tell”), which Köbler writes *talōn, while Kroonen traces the verbs to *talōjan-. In Old English the weak verbs of class II always have a…
*talu
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *talō (“speech, number”), which Kroonen and Orel cite as *talō(n)- and *talō(n). Orel takes it for a variant of the neuter *talan. In Old English the forms went…
*teuhan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *teuhaną (“to pull, to lead”), present subjunctive third singular *teuhai, which Kroonen cites by its stem *teuhan-. Ringe and Taylor give the Proto-Germanic…
*tīdi
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *tīdiz (“time”), according to Wiktionary. Kroonen cites the Proto-Germanic word by its stem *tīdi-, Orel as *tīđiz, and Köbler as *tīdi-, *tīdiz.
*tilōn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *tilōną (“to reach a goal”), which Köbler cites as *tilōn; Ringe and Taylor compare Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍉𐌽 (gatilōn, “to attain”). Wiktionary derives it from…
*tredan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *trudaną (“to tread, to step on”), which Kroonen cites as *tredan- ~ *trudan- and Orel as *truđanan. Ringe and Taylor count the Proto-West Germanic verb among a…
*treu
Ringe and Taylor reconstruct *treu, stem *trew-, with the nominative and accusative plural *treu, for Proto-West Germanic, and Wiktionary has *treu. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *trewą…
*treuwu
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *trewwō (“fidelity, agreement”), which Orel also writes *trewwō and Köbler *trewō, *trewwō. Orel takes it for the adjective *trewwaz used as a noun, and…
*tugi
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *tugiz (“a drawing, tug, pull”), which Schaffner writes *tugi- and assigns to the Proto-Germanic strong verb *teuχe/a- "to draw, to pull". Wiktionary calls the…
*twai-
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *twai (“two”), which Kroonen cites as *twa- and Köbler as *twai, *twa. The Proto-Germanic genitive *twajjō "of two" became Proto-West Germanic *twaijō, continued…
*umbi
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *umbi (“around”), which Kroonen cites as *umbi- and Orel as *umƀi. In the Northwest Germanic area stressed *u was not lowered before a nasal in the syllable coda…
*un-
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *un- (“un-, not”), which Köbler lists with Gothic, Old Norse and all the West Germanic languages, and Boutkan and Siebinga set up the same Proto-Germanic prefix…
*undar
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *under (“under; among”), which Kroonen writes *under- and Orel *unđer; Boutkan and Siebinga give the Proto-Germanic form as *undar and the Proto-Frisian one as…
*unsar
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *unseraz (“our”), which Köbler also writes *unsaraz. Orel derives it from *uns- with a comparative suffix, and Berr likewise sees the Indo-European comparative…
*uʀ-
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *uz- (“out”), which Orel and Kroonen give as the preposition *uz "out (of)". Ringe and Taylor keep *z because they hold that its merger with *r happened…
*ūt
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *ūt (“out”), which Kroonen and Orel give in the same form and Köbler as *ūt, *ūta. Kroonen explains its long vowel as a lengthening in a monosyllable. Boutkan and…
*wagi
Wiktionary reconstructs *wagi and takes it to be inherited from Proto-Germanic *wagjaz (“wedge”). Kroonen cites the Proto-Germanic word by its stem *wagja- and Orel as *waʒjaz; both list the West…
*wagn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *wagnaz (“wagon”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *wagna- and Orel as *waʒnaz. Kroonen derives the noun from the root of Proto-Germanic *weganą (“to move, to…
*wahsan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *wahsijaną (“to grow”), the verb behind Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wahsjan). Ringe and Taylor write the Proto-Germanic verb *wahsijaną and set up Proto-Northwest Germanic…
*waikw
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *waikwaz (“weak, pliable”), which Köbler cites as *waika- or *waikwa-, Kroonen as *waika- and Orel as *waikaz. Kroonen and Orel derive the adjective from the…
*walh
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *walhaz (“Celt, foreigner”), which Köbler cites as *walha- or *walaha-. Green explains the Germanic word as a loan of the name of the Celtic tribe of the Latin…
*walljan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *waljaną (“to choose”), which Kroonen cites as *waljan- and Orel as *waljanan. Ringe and Taylor take it for a derivative of *wiljan "to want", Kroonen for a…
*walþu
Wiktionary reconstructs *walþu "forest". It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *walþuz (“forest”), a masculine noun which Orel cites as *walþuz and Köbler as *walþu-, *walþuz. Köbler takes the…
*wandijan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *wandijaną (“to turn”), which Kroonen cites as *wandjan- "to cause to turn", and Orel as *wanđjanan. Orel calls it the causative of the strong verb *wenđanan, and…
*wandōn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *wandōną (“to turn aside, to change”), which Köbler writes *wandōn "to turn" and Orel *wanđōjanan. Orel derives the verb from the adjective *wanđaz, which…
*wāpn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *wēpną (“weapon”), which Kroonen cites as *wēbna- ~ *wēpna- and Orel as *wēpnan. In fully stressed syllables Proto-Germanic *ē was lowered and backed to *ā in…
*wār
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *wēraz (“true”), which Köbler sets up as *wēra-, *wērja-, and Boutkan and Siebinga as *wē₁ra-.
*wardēn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *wardāną (“to guard, to watch over”), which Köbler cites as *wardēn, *wardǣn, *wardōn and Orel as *warđōjanan.
*warnōn
Ringe and Taylor reconstruct *warnōn for Proto-West Germanic, and Wiktionary has the same form. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *warnōną (“to warn”), which Ringe and Taylor set up for…
*watar
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *watōr (“water”), while Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 (wato) has generalized the n-stem. Kroonen reconstructs the Proto-Germanic paradigm as *watōr, genitive *watenaz. Ringe and…