*wandijan

Reconstruction

Wiktionary reconstructs the infinitive *wandijan "to turn" for Proto-West Germanic.^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *wandijaną (“to turn”),^[1][2] which Kroonen cites as *wandjan- "to cause to turn", and Orel as *wanđjanan.^[3][4] Orel calls it the causative of the strong verb *wenđanan,^[4] and Wiktionary derives the verb from Proto-Germanic *windaną (“to wind”) with the causative suffix *-janą.^[5]

Morphology

A weak verb of class I.^[2][6]

Evidence

The verb is attested in all the West Germanic languages: Old English wendan,^[7] Old Frisian wenda, also written wanda and weinda,^[8] Old Saxon wendian in the Heliand,^[2] Old Dutch wenden in Williram's commentary of about 1100,^[9] and Old High German wenten.^[6]

Meanings

1. to turn^[1][4]

Old English also used the verb for "to go, to return, to change, to translate",^[7] Old Frisian for "to change, to translate, to hinder, to attack",^[8] Old Saxon for "to turn away",^[2] and Old High German for "to bend, to lead, to convert".^[6]

Derivatives

• *unþawandijan "to turn away, to evade", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[10] Köbler lists the Old Saxon verb with the prefix an-.^[2]
• Wiktionary reconstructs Proto-Germanic *biwandijaną (“to cause to turn around”);^[11] Old English and Old Saxon have the prefixed verb.^[12][2]
• Orel sets up adjectives in *-wanđjaz to the verb: *xaila-wanđjaz, behind Old English hālwende (“healing”) and Old High German heilant (“saviour”), and *laiþa-wanđjaz, behind Old English lāðwende (“hostile”).^[13][14]

Reflexes

• Old English: wendan (“to turn, to direct, to go, to return, to change”)^[7]
• Old Frisian: wenda (“to turn, to change, to translate, to hinder”)^[8]
• Old Saxon: wendian (“to turn, to turn away”)^[2]
• Old Dutch: wenden (“to turn”)^[9]
• Old High German: wenten (“to turn, to bend, to lead, to convert”)^[6]

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *wandijan
2. ^ a b c d e f g Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. wėndian
3. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 573
4. ^ a b c Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 446
5. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *wandijaną
6. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. wenten
7. ^ a b c Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. wendan
8. ^ a b c Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. wenda
9. ^ a b Oudnederlands Woordenboek (2009–), Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal, Leiden; gtb.ivdnt.org, p. s.v. wenden
10. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *unþawandijan
11. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *biwandijaną
12. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. wėndan
13. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 151
14. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 233