*stautan

Reconstruction

Wiktionary reconstructs *stautan "to knock, to bump" for Proto-West Germanic,^[1] and de Vaan cites the West Germanic verb in the same form.^[2]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *stautaną (“to push, to strike”),^[3][4] which Kroonen cites as *stautan-, Orel as *stautanan and EWA as *stau̯t-e/a-.^[3][4][5] Gothic has the same verb, Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (stautan).^[3][5] EWA takes the Proto-Germanic verb for an o-grade formation, or for an original perfect form that lost its reduplication.^[5] De Vaan gives Dutch stoten as an example of West Germanic *au becoming /oː/.^[6]

Morphology

A reduplicating strong verb.^[5][7] Mailhammer counts it among the reduplicating verbs with an accepted Indo-European etymology.^[8] EWA gives the Old Saxon past as stiet and the Old High German past as stiaz, plural stiazun, with the participle gistôzan.^[5]

Evidence

The verb is attested in Old Frisian stēta,^[9] Old Saxon stōtan, glossing Latin arietō in an 11th-century glossary,^[7] Old Dutch stōtan, in the North-East Lower Rhenish Prudentius glosses of 951–1000 and the Middle Franconian Rhyme Bible of 1151–1200,^[10] and Old High German stōzan, from the late 8th century.^[5] Wiktionary gives the Old English verb only as an unattested *stēatan.^[1] De Vaan notes that Dutch stuiten (“to stop, to impede”) continues *stautan.^[2]

Competing analyses

EWA points out that Old Frisian stēta, inflected both as a strong and as a weak verb, presupposes a different present, Proto-Germanic *stau̯t-ii̯e/a-, while West and East Germanic have the reduplicating verb and North Germanic continues a weak verb.^[5] De Vaan likewise derives the Old Frisian verb from *stautjan and its participle ⟨estat⟩ from *stautiþ-.^[11] Hofmann and Popkema list the Old Frisian verb as weak.^[9]

Meanings

1. to knock, to bump^[1]

Old High German also used the verb for "to ram, to pierce, to push away",^[5] and Old Frisian for "to stab".^[9]

Derivatives

• *stautōn "to push", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[12] Orel derives Proto-Germanic *stautōjanan from the strong verb, with Old High German stōzōn (“to goad”).^[4]
• Orel also derives from it the noun *stautiz "thrust", the source of Old Frisian stēt and Old High German stōz.^[4]

Reflexes

• Old Frisian: stēta (“to push, to stab”)^[9]
• Old Saxon: stōtan (“to push”)^[7]
• Old Dutch: stōtan (“to push”)^[10]
• Old High German: stōzan (“to push, to strike, to ram”)^[5]

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *stautan
2. ^ a b de Vaan, Michiel (2017), The Dawn of Dutch: Language Contact in the Western Low Countries before 1200, NOWELE Supplement Series 30, Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins, p. 402
3. ^ a b c Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 476
4. ^ a b c d Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 373
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. stôzan
6. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2018), Historical Development of Dutch: Phonology & Morphology, Dialects & Stages, course reader, Leiden Summer School in Languages and Linguistics
7. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. stôtan
8. ^ Mailhammer, Robert (2007), The Germanic Strong Verbs: Foundations and Development of a New System, Trends in Linguistics 183, Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 226
9. ^ a b c d Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. stēta
10. ^ a b Oudnederlands Woordenboek (2009–), Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal, Leiden; gtb.ivdnt.org, p. s.v. stōtan
11. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2017), The Dawn of Dutch: Language Contact in the Western Low Countries before 1200, NOWELE Supplement Series 30, Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins, p. 94
12. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *stautōn