*teuhan

Reconstruction

Ringe and Taylor reconstruct *teuhan for Proto-West Germanic, with the present subjunctive third singular *teuhē,^[1] and Wiktionary has the same form.^[2]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *teuhaną (“to pull, to lead”), present subjunctive third singular *teuhai,^[1] which Kroonen cites by its stem *teuhan-.^[3] Ringe and Taylor give the Proto-Germanic imperative *teuh "lead!, pull!", continued by Old Saxon ⟨tioh⟩ and Old High German ⟨zioh⟩,^[4] and the third singular present *tiuhidi "(s)he pulls", continued by Old Saxon ⟨tiuhid⟩ and Old High German ⟨ziuhit⟩.^[5]

Morphology

A strong verb of class II.^[6][7] Green notes that West Germanic kept the regular alternation between h and g in this verb, while Gothic levelled it in favour of h, as in the principal parts of Gothic 𐍄𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (tiuhan).^[8]

Evidence

The verb is attested in all the West Germanic languages: Old English tēon, Old Frisian tiā, Old Saxon tiohan and Old High German ziohan,^[9][1] and Old Dutch tīan, with the forms ⟨tian⟩ and ⟨tion⟩ in the Old Low Franconian psalms of the 10th century.^[10] Old English tēon shows the regular development of *eu to ⟨ēo⟩.^[9]

Competing analyses

Schröder questioned whether Proto-Germanic *teuhan ever meant "to lead" rather than "to pull, to bring" or "to bring up", and took the compound for "army leader" for a calque on Greek.^[8] Green, following Much, rejects the Greek theory and points out that Wulfila used 𐍄𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (tiuhan) for both "to bring" and "to lead".^[8]

Meanings

1. to pull^[9][2]
2. to lead^[1][2]

Old Saxon also used the verb for "to educate",^[6] Old Dutch for "to nourish, to rear",^[10] Old Frisian for "to bring up", "to maintain" and "to appeal to",^[11] and Old High German for "to bring up, to educate".^[3]

Derivatives

• *uʀteuhan "to lead out", which Ringe and Taylor write *uz-teuhan, the source of Old High German irziohan (“to raise a child, to educate”) and Old English ātēon (“to draw out, to remove”).^[1]
• *unþateuhan "to pull away, to withdraw", which Wiktionary reconstructs from ōþtēon and its cognates.^[12]
• *tuhti "pulling; discipline", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[13] Kroonen takes Proto-Germanic *tuhti- for a ti-stem formed to the verb.^[14]
• *tugi "drawing, tug, pull", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[15] Köbler gives its reflexes as Old English tyge and Old High German zug.^[16]
• *harjatogō "army leader", which Wiktionary reconstructs from *hari "army" and *togō "leader", comparing *teuhan.^[17] Green discusses Proto-Germanic *harjatuga and the parallel Old English folctoga (“chieftain, leader”).^[8]

Reflexes

• Old English: tēon (“to pull, to draw, to lead, to take”)^[18]
• Old Frisian: tiā (“to pull, to bring up, to maintain, to appeal to”)^[11]
• Old Saxon: tiohan (“to pull, to educate”)^[6]
• Old Dutch: tīan (“to pull, to nourish, to rear”)^[10]
• Old High German: ziohan (“to pull, to lead, to bring up, to educate”)^[19]

References

1. ^ a b c d e Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English, A Linguistic History of English II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 315
2. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *teuhan
3. ^ a b Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 515
4. ^ Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English, A Linguistic History of English II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 309
5. ^ Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English, A Linguistic History of English II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 249
6. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. tiohan
7. ^ Boutkan, Dirk; Siebinga, Sjoerd Michiel (2005), Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 1, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. tia
8. ^ a b c d Green, D. H. (1998), Language and History in the Early Germanic World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 235
9. ^ a b c Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English, A Linguistic History of English II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 174
10. ^ a b c Oudnederlands Woordenboek (2009–), Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal, Leiden; gtb.ivdnt.org, p. s.v. tīan
11. ^ a b Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. tiā
12. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *unþateuhan
13. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *tuhti
14. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 525
15. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *tugi
16. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *tugi-, *tugiz
17. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *harjatogō
18. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. téon
19. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. ziohan