încălzi

Forms

încălzi (present încălzesc, third-person singular present încălzește, past participle încălzit); 4th conjugation^[1]

Etymology

It is formed from Romanian în- + cald (“warm”), as DEX, MDA2, Tiktin and Ciorănescu explain it.^[2][3][4][5] Ciorănescu compares înmulți from mult and înverzi from verde.^[5] The adjective cald is from Latin caldus.^[5]

Pușcariu and the DA proposed instead a Vulgar Latin verb *incaldescō, a blend of Latin incalēscō (“to grow warm”) with the Latin adjective;^[6][7][5][1] Wiktionary takes the same line and links the word with încări, from that Latin verb.^[6][7][5][1] Ciorănescu finds the Latin base possible but unnecessary, since the verb is explained within Romanian, and DELR gives both views.^[5][6]

The verb has counterparts south of the Danube: Aromanian ncãldzãscu and Megleno-Romanian ancalzǫs.^[5][8][6]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin and DELR date the first record to 1561, in Coresi's Tetraevanghel (John 18:18).^[4][6] MDA2's first record is Coresi's Cazania of 1581, which the DA quotes: „focul încălzeaște și arde” “fire warms and burns”.^[3][7]

Semantic evolution

The verb means to make someone or something warm, and reflexively to become warm; it is said of the weather, of rooms and stoves that are heated, and of food that is warmed up.^[3][4] A proverb quoted by Tiktin and CADE says that the sun, sun though it is, cannot warm the whole world: even the mightiest cannot please everyone.^[4][9]

A figurative sense, “to fire up, to rouse”, is in Șăineanu's dictionary of 1929.^[10] Regional phrases include a-și încălzi măseaua “to have a drink” and a încălzi pe cineva “to give someone a beating”.^[3] In sport the reflexive means to warm up before an effort.^[2][6] The family grew in the technical vocabulary of the 20th century, with preîncălzi and supraîncălzi modelled on French verbs.^[6]

Timeline

• 1561 – the first record, in Coresi's Tetraevanghel.^[4][6]
• 1581 – încălzeaște in Coresi's Cazania.^[3][7]
• 1660 – încălzesc in a Slavonic–Romanian lexicon.^[11]
• 1688 – several forms in the Bucharest Bible.^[12]
• 1691–1697 – the adjective încălzitor “warming”.^[6]
• 1705 – încălzitură “warming”.^[6]
• 1939 – supraîncălzi “to superheat”, after French surchauffer.^[6]
• 1949 – încălzitor “heater”, preîncălzi and reîncălzi.^[6]

Meanings

Verb

1. (transitive) To warm someone; of a source of heat, to raise the temperature of the air, water and so on; to heat something by exposing it to heat.^[2][3]
2. (reflexive) To become warm; of the weather, to get warmer.^[2][3]
3. (reflexive) To warm up with exercises before a sporting effort.^[2][3]
4. (figurative; transitive and reflexive) To fire up, to enthuse.^[2][10]

Word family

• încălzire
• încălzitor
• preîncălzi
• reîncălzi
• supraîncălzi

Related words

• cald
• căldură
• Aromanian ncãldzãscu

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 537
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 1203
4. ^ a b c d e Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. încălzi
5. ^ a b c d e f g Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. cald
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. cald
7. ^ a b c d Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. încălzi
8. ^ Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 706
9. ^ Candrea, I.-A.; Adamescu, Gh. (1926–1931), Dicționarul enciclopedic ilustrat „Cartea Românească”, București: Cartea Românească, p. s.v. încălzi
10. ^ a b Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 314
11. ^ Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. încălzesc
12. ^ Biblia, adecă Dumnezeiasca Scriptură a ceii vechi și a ceii noao leage, București, 1688 (ed. 1988, tricentennial edition), p. Ps 38:4