Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Romanian word încărca

Confidence
Established
Formation
Inherited
First attested
1561 Coresi's Tetraevanghel More words from the 16th century
Inherited from
Latin *incarrico
Ultimate origin
Latin carrus

Forms

încărca (third-person singular present încarcă, past participle încărcat, third-person subjunctive încarce) 1st conjugation[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Vulgar Latin *incarricō, formed in Latin on carricō (“to load a cart”).[2][3][4][1] Ciorănescu derives it from that Latin verb itself, attested as ⟨carcati⟩ in the Reichenau Glosses, with the prefix added in Romanian.[5] The Latin verb is formed on carrus (“wagon”), a word of Gaulish origin.[6][1][7] The DA notes that the Romance verb replaced classical onerō.[4]

It survives in all four branches: Aromanian ãncarcu, Megleno-Romanian ancarc and Istro-Romanian ăncargescu.[5][8][1] Albanian ngarkoj has the same formation; Çabej reports that most scholars take it from Latin, Jokl arguing for a Balkan Latin base shared with Romanian.[5][9] The Romance cognates include Italian incaricare, Old French enchargier, Occitan encargar, Catalan encarregar, Spanish encargar and Portuguese encarregar.[5][10]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin dates the first record to Coresi's Tetraevanghel of 1561, in Luke 11:46, with the sense “to load”.[11] The Bucharest Bible of 1688 has încărcați in the same verse.[12] MDA2's first record is in Neculce's chronicle: „Au încărcat pâne” “they loaded grain”.[3][4]

Semantic evolution

The first sense is loading a cart, a pack animal or a ship: the DA's first examples speak of grain and hay put in carts.[4][11] It is also used of loading a firearm.[11][2] Figurative senses followed: to burden someone with tasks or debts, to overcharge a customer, to decorate too heavily.[2][11][3] Ciorănescu and Tiktin record an old sense “to entrust someone with a task”.[5][11]

The past participle încărcată once meant “pregnant”, as Spanish cargada does, and Çabej notes the same use of the Albanian participle.[5][9] In electricity the verb means charging a battery, and a-și încărca bateriile “to recharge one's batteries” is a recent phrase that Zafiu compares with English, French and Italian ones.[2][13]

Timeline

  • 1561 – încărca “to load” in Coresi's Tetraevanghel.[11]
  • 1649 – încarc and încărcară in Mardarie's Slavonic–Romanian lexicon.[14]
  • 1688 – încărcați in the Bucharest Bible.[12]
  • 1995 – a-și încărca bateriile “to recharge one's batteries” in the press.[13]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To load a vehicle, a container or a machine; to put a heavy load in a vehicle or on the back of a person or animal.[2][3]
  2. To load a firearm.[2]
  3. To cover or fill with something: o masă încărcată cu bucate.[2]
  4. (figurative) To exaggerate in order to deceive; to overcharge a customer.[2]
  5. To charge a battery or a capacitor with electricity; in computing, to load a system.[2]

Word family

  • încărcat
  • încărcător
  • încărcătură
  • încărcare

Usage notes

A-și încărca stomacul means “to overeat”, a-și încărca sufletul “to burden one's conscience”, and încărcat de ani “advanced in years”.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 538
  3. ^ a b c d Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 1204
  4. ^ a b c d Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. încărca
  5. ^ a b c d e f Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. încărca
  6. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  7. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 1719
  8. ^ Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 69
  9. ^ a b Çabej, Eqrem (2002), Studime etimologjike në fushë të shqipes VI (N–Rr), Tiranë, p. 59
  10. ^ Candrea, I.-A.; Densusianu, Ov. (1907–1914), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române: elementele latine (A–Putea), București, p. s.v. încărca
  11. ^ a b c d e f Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. încărca
  12. ^ a b Biblia, adecă Dumnezeiasca Scriptură a ceii vechi și a ceii noao leage, București, 1688 (ed. 1988, tricentennial edition), p. Lc 11:46
  13. ^ a b Dimitrescu, Florica (1997), Dicționar de cuvinte recente, 2nd ed., București: Logos (with the 3rd ed., 2013, in CLRE), p. s.v. încărca
  14. ^ Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. încarc

Related etymologies

  • bun · also from Latin
  • unde · also from Latin
  • veni · also from Latin
  • noi · also from Latin
  • bine · also from Latin
  • un · also from Latin
  • și · also from Latin
  • sta · also from Latin
Cite this entry

“Încărca.” Etymologically, 11 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ro/%C3%AEnc%C4%83rca. Accessed 11 Nov. 2026.

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