Etymology and origin of the Romanian word încălțăminte
- Confidence
- Probable
- Formation
- Inherited
- First attested
- 1582 Palia de la Orăștie More words from the 16th century
- Inherited from
- Latin calceamentum
- Ultimate origin
- Latin calceus
Pronunciation
- /ɨn.kəl.t͡səˈmin.te/[1]
Forms
încălțăminte f (uncountable)[1] Old and regional forms are călțăminte, călțământ and încălțământ.[2][3][4]
Etymology
It is inherited from Latin calceāmentum (“footwear”), also spelled calciāmentum.[5][6][4][3][1] Candrea and Densusianu derive the feminine from the Latin plural calceāmenta, which became a singular, and Șăineanu gives the same Latin plural.[3][7] The prefix în- was added after încălța.[6][3] Wiktionary instead explains it as from Romanian în- + călțăminte, the plural of the older călțământ.[1]
The older neuter încălțământ is derived by Tiktin from the verb or from the Latin word, while MDA2 forms it from Romanian încălța + -ământ.[4][8] The Latin noun is formed on calceō (“to shoe”), from calceus (“shoe”).[1][9]
Its Romance cognates include Italian calzamento, French chaussement, Spanish calzamiento and Portuguese calçamento.[5][10]
Earliest recorded meaning
The first record is in the Palia de la Orăștie of 1582, at Exodus 3:5.[2][4] The neuter încălțământ is older, in the 16th-century psalters.[4][8] The Bucharest Bible of 1688 has it in Genesis: „De la ștreangu până la legătura încălțămintei” “from a thread to the binding of a shoe”.[2]
Semantic evolution
The word has kept its sense, footwear in general, from boots and shoes to peasant sandals.[6][11] It is a collective noun, used in the singular.[2][12] The 17th-century Slavonic–Romanian lexicons give it for Slavonic obušta “footwear”.[13] MDA2 also records the sense “a pair of shoes”.[4]
Timeline
- c. 1573–1578 – the neuter încălțământ in the Psaltirea Scheiană.[4]
- 1582 – încălțăminte in the Palia de la Orăștie (Exodus 3:5).[2][4]
- c. 1660–1670 – the word in a Slavonic–Romanian lexicon.[13]
- 1688 – încălțămintei “of the shoe” in the Book of Genesis in the Bucharest Bible.[2]
Meanings
Noun
- footwear: a general name for shoes, boots, slippers and the like.[6][14][1]
- A pair of shoes of one kind.[4]
Related words
- încălța
- descălța
- Latin calceāmentum
Usage notes
The word has no plural in current use.[1][12]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. încălțăminte
- ^ a b c d Candrea, I.-A.; Densusianu, Ov. (1907–1914), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române: elementele latine (A–Putea), București
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 1203
- ^ a b Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. încălța
- ^ a b c d DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 537
- ^ Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 313
- ^ a b Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. încălțământ
- ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
- ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 1496
- ^ Candrea, I.-A.; Adamescu, Gh. (1926–1931), Dicționarul enciclopedic ilustrat „Cartea Românească”, București: Cartea Românească, p. s.v. încălțăminte
- ^ a b Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 2, 591
- ^ a b Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. încălțăminte
- ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. încălțăminte
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Încălțăminte.” Etymologically, 11 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ro/%C3%AEnc%C4%83l%C8%9B%C4%83minte. Accessed 12 Nov. 2026.
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