Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word especial

Confidence
Established
Formation
Borrowing
First attested
1300s spelt espeçial and speciaes More words from the 14th century
Borrowed from
Latin specialis
Ultimate origin
Latin speciēs
Etymology tree
inherited borrowed derived
Latin speciō
Latin speciēs
English species
French épice
French espèce
Italian specie
Portuguese espécie
Romanian specie
Spanish especie
Latin speciālis
French spécial
Romanian special
German speziell
Italian speciale
Old French especial
English special
Portuguese especial
Spanish especial
From the same root
Latin aspiciō ← speciō
Latin circumspiciō ← speciō
Latin cōnspectus ← speciō
Latin cōnspiciō ← speciō
Latin cōnspicor ← speciō
Latin dēspiciō ← speciō
Latin dispiciō ← speciō
Latin haruspex ← speciō
Latin īnspiciō ← speciō
Latin intrōspiciō ← speciō
Latin perspiciō ← speciō
Latin prōspiciō ← speciō
Latin respiciō ← speciō
Latin retrospiciō ← speciō
Latin specimen ← speciō
Latin spectō ← speciō
Latin spectrum ← speciō
Latin spectus ← speciō
Latin specula ← speciō
Latin speculum ← speciō
Latin suspiciō ← speciō
Romanian aștepta ← speciō
English specific ← speciēs
Italian specifico ← speciēs
Latin specificus ← speciēs
Latin speciōsus ← speciēs
English subspecies ← species
French spécialisation ← speciālis
French spécialiser ← speciālis
Latin speciālitās ← speciālis
See all derived words →

Pronunciation

  • Brazil: /is.pe.siˈaw/, [is.pe.siˈaʊ̯], /is.peˈsjaw/[1]
  • Rio-de-Janeiro: /iʃ.pe.siˈaw/, [iʃ.pe.siˈaʊ̯], /iʃ.peˈsjaw/[1]
  • Portugal: /(i)ʃ.pɨˈsjal/, [(i)ʃ.pɨˈsjaɫ][1]
  • Portugal, Southern: /(i)ʃ.pɨˈsja.li/[1]

Forms

especial m or f (plural especiais)[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin speciālis (“particular, individual”), a learned word.[2][3][1] Nascentes calls it semi-learned.[4] The Latin adjective was formed from speciēs (“kind, sort”) with the suffix -ālis.[5][1] In Latin it is post-Augustan, used for singulāris and proprius.[6] Medieval Latin also used it for “private, intimate”.[7]

The same Latin word gave Spanish especial and Italian speciale.[8][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss and Cunha date the word to the 14th century, spelt speciaes (plural) and espeçial, and especial appears in the 15th.[2][3] The Horto do Esposo, in a copy of 1390–1437, has it.[9]

Semantic evolution

Feijó (1734) explains especial simply as “particular”.[10] Morais (1789) gives three senses: proper to a species, particular, and excellent, as in vinho especial “special wine”.[11] Figueiredo (1899) also has a noun, “specialist”.[12] Modern Portuguese uses the word for whatever has a particular purpose, as in educação especial and cheque especial, and euphemistically for people with disabilities.[2][13][1] In north-eastern Brazil um especial is a telling-off.[2][14]

Timeline

  • 14th century – first records, as speciaes and espeçial.[2][3]
  • c. 1430 – especial in the Horto do Esposo.[9]
  • 1538 – the plural especiães in a private letter.[15]
  • 1734 – Feijó: the same as “particular”.[10]
  • 1789 – Morais has the sense “excellent”.[11]
  • 1899 – Figueiredo records the noun “specialist”.[12]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Concerning one thing or person in particular; not general, individual.[2][13]
  2. Relating to a species (espécie); proper, peculiar, specific.[2][13]
  3. Exclusive, reserved for a person or group: um autocarro especial para os atletas.[2][16]
  4. Having a particular purpose or use: educação especial.[2]
  5. Dealing with particular aspects of a field, as opposed to general.[2]
  6. Out of the ordinary; excellent: Este vinho é especial.[2][13][17]
  7. Having a particular meaning for someone: Esta praia é especial para mim.[2]
  8. Giving extra advantages: cheque especial.[2]
  9. (euphemistic) disabled; with special needs.[1][13][18]

Noun

  1. (north-eastern Brazil, informal) A reprimand, a telling-off.[2][14][17]

Word family

  • especialidade
  • especialmente

Usage notes

Em especial means “particularly, above all”.[17]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. especial
  3. ^ a b c Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. especial
  4. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. especial
  5. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. especial
  6. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. s.v. especial
  7. ^ Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. especial
  8. ^ Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. especial
  9. ^ a b Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. especial
  10. ^ a b Feijó, João de Morais Madureira (1734), Orthographia, ou Arte de escrever, e pronunciar com acerto a lingua portugueza, Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. especial
  11. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 1, 47
  12. ^ a b Figueiredo, Cândido de (1899), Novo diccionário da língua portuguesa, 1st ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Tavares Cardoso & Irmão, p. s.v. especial
  13. ^ a b c d e Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. especial
  14. ^ a b Navarro, Fred (2004), Dicionário do Nordeste, São Paulo: Estação Liberdade, p. s.v. especial
  15. ^ CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. especial
  16. ^ Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 3873
  17. ^ a b c Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. especial
  18. ^ Instituto da Lingua Galega, Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (TLPGP), Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/tesouro, p. s.v. especial

Related etymologies

Cite this entry

“Especial.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/especial. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.

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