Etymology tree
Pronunciation
- IPA: /ɛs.pɛs/[1]
Forms
espèce f (plural espèces)[1] First written espesse (12th century); the spelling espèce is used from the 13th century.[2]
Etymology
It is borrowed from Latin speciēs (“sight, look; appearance, aspect; type; particular case; category”).[3][2][4][5] The sense “subdivision of a genus” renders Ancient Greek εἶδος (eîdos) in the language of philosophy, as genre renders γένος (génos).[4][2] In Christian Latin “speciēs” also meant the matter of a sacrament, said of baptismal salt, and in imperial Latin “goods, wares”.[3][2] The Latin noun is derived from speciō (“to look at”), which Rey connects, like the Frankish verb behind épier, with an Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *spek- (“to observe”).[2]
The same Latin word gave the older borrowing épice “spice”, its doublet.[1][6][7] Cognate with Italian specie, Spanish especie and Portuguese espécie.[8]
Earliest recorded meaning
The first record, in a manuscript of the Vie de saint Alexis (12th century), is the isolated phrase vraie espesse “a true sign, a revelation of God”.[3][2]
Semantic evolution
Jean de Meun (1269–78) uses it for a kind of living beings, here the human race, humaine espece is found in 1370 and espèce humaine in the 18th century.[3][2] From 1314 it means more generally “category, sort”, and in medicine the same author, Henri de Mondeville, uses it for “appearance”.[3] Scholastic philosophy spoke of espèces sensibles, the images thought to pass from things into the senses.[3][2] In theology the espèces are the bread and wine of the Eucharist (Calvin 1545, singular; plural before 1656).[3][2]
As in Latin, the word meant “goods”, and en espèces “in goods” was replaced by en espèces “in coin” (1740, espèces sonnantes); the sense “coin, cash” dates from the late 15th century.[2] Une espèce de “a sort of” (1587) is used of a person or thing hard to define, and the familiar un espèce de, agreeing with the following masculine noun, is recorded from 1705 and condemned by purists.[2][3] In law espèce is a particular case (1670–81), whence cas d'espèce and en l'espèce; in natural history (mid-18th century) it became the basic unit of classification.[2]
Timeline
- 12th century – Vraie espesse “a sign from God”, Vie de saint Alexis.[3]
- 1269–78 – A category of living beings, Jean de Meun.[3]
- 1314 – “Kind, sort” and “appearance”, Henri de Mondeville.[3]
- Late 15th century – Coin, cash.[2]
- 1545 – The bread of the Eucharist, Calvin.[3]
- 1587 – Espèce de “sort of”.[3]
- 1670–81 – A particular case in law, Patru.[3]
- 1705 – Un espèce de, with masculine agreement.[2]
- Mid-18th century – A biological species.[2]
Meanings
Noun
- A kind, sort, type: des fruits de toute espèce.[7][1]
- Une espèce de: a sort of; before a noun as an insult, espèce d'idiot![7][2]
- (biology) A species: l'espèce humaine, une espèce menacée.[1][9]
- (in the plural) Cash, coin: payer en espèces.[1][7]
- (law) A particular case: cas d'espèce, en l'espèce, in this case.[2][7]
- (theology, in the plural) The bread and wine of the Eucharist: communier sous les deux espèces.[7][8]
- (literary) Sous les espèces de: in the form of.[7]
Word family
- sous-espèce
Related words
Usage notes
Un espèce de with a masculine noun is frequent in speech but considered incorrect; the standard form is une espèce de whatever the gender of the noun.[2]
References
- ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Trésor de la langue française informatisé (2004), ATILF – CNRS & Université de Lorraine, atilf.fr/tlfi; electronic version of Imbs, Paul; Quemada, Bernard, eds. (1971–1994), Trésor de la langue française, Paris: CNRS / Gallimard
- ^ a b Bloch, Oscar; Wartburg, Walther von (1989), Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française, 8th ed., Paris: Presses universitaires de France
- ^ Wartburg, Walther von, et al. (1922–2002), Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, 25 vols., Bonn / Leipzig / Basel: Klopp / Teubner / Zbinden, p. 12, 155b
- ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (2005), Le Grand Robert de la langue française, electronic version, Paris: Le Robert
- ^ a b c d e f g Rey-Debove, Josette; Rey, Alain, eds. (2007), Le Petit Robert de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
- ^ a b Littré, Émile (1873–1877), Dictionnaire de la langue française, 4 vols. and supplement, Paris: Hachette
- ^ Dictionnaire Le Robert en ligne, dictionnaire.lerobert.com (accessed 2024)
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Espèce.” Etymologically, 18 Oct. 2026, etymologically.com/fr/esp%C3%A8ce. Accessed 18 Oct. 2026.
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