Etymology and origin of the Romanian word înjura
- Confidence
- Disputed
- Formation
- Inherited
- First attested
- 1619 More words from the 17th century
- Inherited from
- Latin iniurio
- Ultimate origin
- Latin iniūria
Etymology tree
From the same root
Forms
înjura (third-person singular present înjură, past participle înjurat) 1st conjugation[1]
Etymology
Most dictionaries take it as inherited from Late Latin iniūriō (“to wrong, insult”), from Latin iniūrior (“to do an injury”), itself formed on iniūria (“injustice, wrong”).[2][3][4][1][5] Tiktin and the DA add that the verb was drawn towards jura “to swear”.[6][4] This is the view of Pușcariu and Candrea–Densusianu.[7]
Ciorănescu disagrees: he takes it as a native formation, from Romanian în- + jura, a doublet of that verb, because in the other Romance languages the corresponding verb is a learned borrowing, and the Sardinian form Pușcariu cited does not prove a popular Latin verb.[7] Wiktionary gives both explanations.[1]
The verb survives south of the Danube: Aromanian ngiur and Megleno-Romanian anjur.[8][9][7]
Earliest recorded meaning
Tiktin's first record is a document of 1619.[6] MDA2 dates it from Moxa's chronicle of 1620, where a court official refuses a summons: „Postelnicul nu mearse, ce încă-l înjură” “the steward did not go, but even cursed him”.[3][4]
Semantic evolution
From the start the verb meant to abuse someone with insulting words; the law codes of the 17th century punish whoever va înjura an envoy or a man behind his back.[4][10] With the preposition de it named cursing holy things: Antim Ivireanul asks „ce neam înjură ca noi de lege, de cruce?” “what nation curses the faith and the cross as we do?”[6][4] The DA also records a sense “to speak ill of someone behind his back”.[4]
Moldavian used sudui for the same thing, and the old Wallachian law book glosses înjura with it.[4]
Timeline
- 1619 – the first record, in a document.[6]
- 1620 – in Moxa's chronicle.[3][4]
- 1660 – the participle înjurat glosses Slavonic “reviled” in a Slavonic–Romanian lexicon.[11]
- 1709–1716 – înjura de cruce “to curse the cross” in Antim Ivireanul's sermons.[6][4]
Meanings
Verb
- (transitive) To abuse someone with insulting or coarse words: L-a înjurat de față cu toți. “He swore at him in front of everyone.”[2][12]
- (intransitive) To swear, to use profanities: Căruțașul înjura caii.[2][13]
- (reflexive, reciprocal) To swear at each other.[2]
- (dated) To speak ill of someone, to backbite.[4][13]
Word family
- înjurătură
- înjurat
- înjurător
Related words
- jura
- injurie
- Aromanian ngiur
References
- ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 550
- ^ a b c Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 1239
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. înjura
- ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- ^ a b c d e Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. înjura
- ^ a b c Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. jura
- ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 757
- ^ Capidan, Theodor (1935), Meglenoromânii III: Dicționar meglenoromân, București: Academia Română, p. 19
- ^ Costinescu, Mariana; Georgescu, Magdalena; Zgraon, Florentina (1987), Dicționarul limbii române literare vechi (1640–1780): termeni regionali, București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, p. 159
- ^ Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. înjurat
- ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. înjura
- ^ a b Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 2, 644
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Înjura.” Etymologically, 11 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ro/%C3%AEnjura. Accessed 11 Nov. 2026.
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