Etymology and origin of the Romanian word înota
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Inherited
- First attested
- c. 1563 Codicele Voronețean, as nuta More words from the 16th century
- Inherited from
- Latin *noto
- Ultimate origin
- Latin natō
Forms
înota (third-person singular present înoată, past participle înotat, third-person subjunctive înoate) 1st conjugation[1] The old language mostly has nota, and the Codicele Voronețean nuta: „Deaci nutămu întru Siriia” “then we sailed into Syria”.[2][3] A spelling with double n was usual until the 20th century: „Cela ce întră în apă adâncă și mare să o înnoate” “whoever goes into deep and great water must swim across it” (a manuscript of 1694).[2][4]
Etymology
It is inherited from Vulgar Latin *notō (“to swim”), the form behind most Romance verbs for swimming, used instead of Latin natō, the classical form.[5][2][1] The DEX and DLRM give it as a popular Latin *innotō, and MDA2 as *(in)notāre.[6][7][4] Wiktionary analyses the modern verb as from Romanian în- + nota, the old verb being the Latin one.[1] Tiktin finds the vowel ⟨o⟩ unexplained and rejects Pușcariu's idea that nō (“to swim”) influenced it;[2][5] Skok discussed the change.[2][5] Classical natō is a frequentative of nō.[8][9]
The Aromanian verb is anot.[10][11][5] Albanian notoj is a loan from the same Latin form.[5][1] The form with ⟨o⟩ is shared by Italian nuotare, Occitan nodar and Old French noer, while Spanish nadar, Portuguese nadar and Catalan nadar continue natāre.[5][9]
Earliest recorded meaning
The first record is the old form nuta in the Codicele Voronețean, which MDA2 dates to about 1563–1583, in the sense “to sail”.[3][2] Coresi's psalter of 1570 has „Acie corabiile noată” “there the ships sail”.[12][2] MDA2 dates înota itself to Coresi's Evanghelie cu învățătură of 1581.[4]
Semantic evolution
The old texts use the verb of ships and seafarers, “to sail”, a sense now lost.[2][5] A manuscript of 1675 has „Și întră în corabie și începură a înnota” “and he went into the boat and they began to sail”.[2] Of living beings it means “to swim”: the Bucharest Bible of 1688 has „Să-i omoară, ca nu cândai vreunul înotând va scăpa” “to kill them, lest any of them should swim away and escape”.[2][13]
Figurative senses grew from that of moving through water: “to be bathed in” (înotând în sudori “bathed in sweat”), “to make one's way with difficulty” through mud or snow, and “to have plenty of something”.[2][6][7] Old texts also use it transitively, “to swim across”, which is now rare.[2][7] Ciorănescu derives the noun and adverb înot “swimming” from the old variant nota.[5]
Timeline
- c. 1563–1583 – nuta “to sail” in the Codicele Voronețean, the first record.[3][2]
- 1570 – noată in Coresi's psalter.[12]
- 1581 – înota in Coresi's Evanghelie cu învățătură.[4]
- 1589 – înoată in Coresi's psalter of that year.[12]
- 1664 – înot “I swim” in a Slavonic–Romanian lexicon.[14]
- 1688 – înotând “swimming” in the Bucharest Bible.[13]
Meanings
Verb
- To swim: to move through water with rhythmic movements; to float.[6][4][1]
- To be immersed in a liquid, surrounded by it on all sides.[6]
- (figurative) To be overwhelmed or weighed down by something.[6]
- (figurative) To wade with difficulty through mud, snow and the like.[6]
- (figurative) To have plenty of something.[6]
Word family
- înot
- înotător
- înotătoare
Related words
- Aromanian anot
- Latin natō
Usage notes
A înota în miere “to swim in honey” means to be very well off.[7]
References
- ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. înota
- ^ a b c Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. s.v. nota
- ^ a b c d e Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 1243
- ^ a b c d e f g h Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. înota
- ^ a b c d e f g DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 552
- ^ a b c d Academia Republicii Populare Romîne (1958), Dicționarul limbii romîne moderne, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 1, 423
- ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
- ^ a b Nocentini, Alberto; Parenti, Alessandro (2010), l'Etimologico: vocabolario della lingua italiana, Firenze: Le Monnier
- ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 111
- ^ Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 78
- ^ a b c Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 103:27
- ^ a b Biblia, adecă Dumnezeiasca Scriptură a ceii vechi și a ceii noao leage, București, 1688 (ed. 1988, tricentennial edition), p. Acts 27:42
- ^ Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. înot
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Înota.” Etymologically, 11 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ro/%C3%AEnota. Accessed 12 Nov. 2026.
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