giogare

Forms

giogare (first-person singular present giógo, first-person singular past historic giogài, past participle giogàto, auxiliary avére)^[1]

Etymology

The verb is learned: it is borrowed from Latin iugō (“to yoke, join”), from iugum (“yoke”).^[2] GDLI calls it semi-learned.^[3] Wiktionary treats it as inherited from the Latin verb, and by surface analysis it is giogo with the verb ending -are.^[1] Battisti and Alessio describe it as a rare and poetic form of aggiogare.^[2]

Earliest recorded meaning

Battisti and Alessio date it to the 16th century.^[2] GDLI quotes Citolini, who lists yoking the oxen (in the form giugar i buoi) among the tasks of carting, and Bronzino's line on the taming of the ox: domò il bue, giogògli il collo (“he tamed the ox, yoked its neck”).^[3]

Semantic evolution

Tommaseo marks the verb as obsolete and records a second, agricultural sense: training the shoots of a vine along a yoke-shaped support.^[4] Modern dictionaries list it as archaic.^[1][2]

Timeline

• 1500s – giogare is first recorded, as a rare poetic form of aggiogare.^[2]
• 1861 – Tommaseo lists it as obsolete.^[4]

Meanings

Verb

1. (transitive, archaic) To yoke oxen; to aggiogare.^[1][3][4]
2. (obsolete, viticulture) To train the shoots of a vine on a yoke-shaped support.^[4]

Related words

• giogo
• aggiogare
• soggiogare
• Latin iugō

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e Battisti, Carlo; Alessio, Giovanni (1950–1957), Dizionario etimologico italiano, 5 vols., Firenze: Barbèra (reprint 1975), p. 1812
3. ^ a b c Battaglia, Salvatore; Bàrberi Squarotti, Giorgio (1961–2002), Grande dizionario della lingua italiana, 21 vols., Torino: UTET; digital ed. Accademia della Crusca, p. 6, 807
4. ^ a b c d Tommaseo, Niccolò; Bellini, Bernardo (1861–1879), Dizionario della lingua italiana, 4 vols., Torino: UTET