Latin words first recorded in the 2nd century BC

It is from Latin ad- + properō (“to hurry”).

It is from Latin dolō (“to hew”) + -bra. Rix takes it as an old instrument noun, Proto-Indo-European *delh₁-dʰreh₂-, and so as evidence that dolō was a primary verb rather than one made from a noun…

The origin is unknown. A connection with Welsh bele (“marten”), from ⟨*bʰelego-⟩, is possible, but ⟨fēlēs⟩ could go back to other forms than one in ⟨*bʰel-⟩. The inflection may continue an ē-stem…

It is from Latin mināx (“threatening”) + -ia. Lewis & Short connect it directly with minae (“threats”).

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *-plek-s. De Vaan thinks duplex (“double”) was probably the model for the whole group, its first part being taken from duo (“two”). Ernout and Meillet's derivation…

It is from Latin prīmus (“first”) + -ō, with the adverbial ending of the ablative. De Vaan traces prīmus to the Proto-Italic superlative *prī̆-isamo- (“first”), built on an adverb *pri “before”; its…

It is from Latin puerperus (“bearing children”), the feminine of the adjective used as a noun, from Latin puer (“boy, child”) + pariō (“to give birth”). Ancient scholars explained the name in…

It is from Latin rēte (“net”) + -culum, a diminutive of the word for a net. Etymonline describes it as a double diminutive of rēte. The OLD records a masculine by-form ⟨rēticulus⟩ beside the neuter.

It is from Latin *rūgō (“to belch”) + -tō, a frequentative formed on the stem of a simple verb that is not attested on its own. Its compound ērūgō (“to belch”) is found from Ennius on, and the noun…

It is from Latin sexāgintā (“sixty”) + -ēnī. De Vaan explains that the distributive ending ⟨-ēnī⟩ spread by analogy from the lower numerals such as septēnī and novēnī, and that the numeral itself…

It is from Latin ūnus (“one”), the form the numeral takes as the first part of a compound. The OLD explains each such compound from the numeral and the second word (ūnicornis “one-horned” from the…

It is from Latin vacō (“to be empty”) + -īvus. De Vaan reconstructs an adjective Proto-Italic *wako- (“empty”), from which the verb and the adjective vacuus were made; the spelling with ⟨vo-⟩ shows…

Its origin is unknown. Etymonline reports Klein's view that it is Etruscan, and Köbler also suggests Etruscan or the Aegean. Wiktionary mentions a possible borrowing through Etruscan from the name…

It is from Latin admittō (“to let in; to commit”), the neuter of its perfect participle used as a noun. That verb is a compound of ad- and mittō (“to send”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic…

Used as an adjective, it is the present participle from Latin affluō (“to flow towards; to abound”). The verb is formed from ad- and fluō (“to flow”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *flow-e/o-…

The origin is unknown. De Vaan finds the usual connection with ulva (“sedge, water plant”) plausible, but thinks the variation between the two forms points to a loanword from a foreign language. It…

It is from Latin carpō (“to pluck; to carp at”) + -tor.

It is a denominative verb from Latin celer (“swift”) + -ō. De Vaan traces celer to Proto-Italic *keli-r/li- (“fast”) and Proto-Indo-European *kel-i- (“speeding”).

It is formed from Latin colloquor (“to talk with”) + -ium. The verb is com- (“together”) and loquor (“to speak”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *tlokʷe/o- and Proto-Indo-European *tlokʷ- (“to…

It is formed from Latin dis- (“apart”) + gradior (“to step, walk”). ⟨gradior⟩ goes back to Proto-Italic *grad-(e)i- and Proto-Indo-European *g(h)rd(h)-(e)i-, cognate with Old Irish do·greinn (“to…

It is from Latin dulcis (“sweet”) + -ēdō. The adjective dulcis goes back to Proto-Italic *dulkwis (“sweet”). It is usually compared with Ancient Greek γλυκύς (glukús, “sweet”), but de Vaan finds the…

It is from Latin ignis (“fire”) + -eus. De Vaan traces ignis to Proto-Italic *n̥gʷni- (“fire”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥gʷ-ni- (“a fire”). Cognate with Sanskrit अग्नि (agní-, “fire”) and…

It is formed from Latin incēdō (“to walk, advance”) + -tus, the suffix of action nouns. De Vaan lists ⟨incēdō⟩ under cēdō (“to go, yield”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *kesd-e/o- (“to go away”)…

Used as an adjective, it is the present participle from Latin indulgeō (“to be indulgent, grant”). The origin of indulgeō is unclear: de Vaan thinks it is probably a compound whose first part is…

It is from Latin īnsolēns (“unaccustomed; immoderate”) + -ia. De Vaan lists ⟨īnsolēns⟩ under soleō (“to be accustomed”), whose origin he calls disputed; he favours Proto-Italic *sol-ē- (“to…

It is from Latin inter- + capiō (“to take”) + -ēdō. Wiktionary analyses it as inter- and capēdō. Priscian derived it from intercapiō, and Festus explained it as time cut off, when there is a delay…

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + tolerāns (“enduring”), the negative of the present participle of tolerō (“to bear, endure”). De Vaan lists ⟨tolerāre⟩ among the derivatives of tollō (“to lift”), and…

It is from Latin iugum (“yoke”) + -ō, a verb made from the noun for the yoke. The noun goes back to Proto-Indo-European *(H)iugo- (“yoke”), from the root of iungō (“to join, yoke”).

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἴυγξ (íunx, “wryneck”). Beekes takes the Greek word to be a loanword, probably Pre-Greek, that was adapted by folk etymology to ἰύζω (iúzō, “to cry aloud”); it had…

It is from Latin minister (“servant, attendant”), its feminine. De Vaan derives minister from Proto-Italic *minos-tero-, built on the comparative minor (“smaller, less”), which he traces to…

It is formed from Latin mītis (“mild, soft”) + -igō, as in pūrgō (“to cleanse”); Lewis and Short and Etymonline see in the ending the verb agō (“to drive, do”). De Vaan derives ⟨mītis⟩ from…

It is formed from Latin *nuō (“to nod”) + -tus, a verb found in abnuō (“to refuse”) and nūtō (“to nod”). De Vaan derives ⟨-nuō⟩ from Proto-Italic *nowe/o- and Proto-Indo-European *neu-e/o- (“to…

It is from Latin ob- + edō (“to eat”), “to eat away”. The verb edō itself goes back to Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed- (“to eat”).

It is from Latin obedō (“to eat away”), being the participle of that verb, a compound of ob- and edō (“to eat”). The OLD marks the verb as unattested, while Lewis and Short give it an entry of its…

It is from Latin ob- + nūntiō (“to announce”). nūntiō is formed from nūntius (“messenger”), whose further origin de Vaan finds unclear: it has been derived from a root Proto-Indo-European *neuH-…

It is from Latin officium (“service, duty”) + -ōsus. De Vaan derives officium from Proto-Italic *opi-fak-io-, from ops (“power, resources”) and the root of faciō (“to do”).

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek φίλτρον (phíltron, “love charm, love potion”), formed from φιλέω (philéō, “to love; to kiss”) with the instrument suffix -τρον (-tron).

It is from Latin pulvis (“dust”) + -ulentus. De Vaan reconstructs pulvis as Proto-Italic *pe/olaw(-is)- (“dust”) and reports the derivation, in Walde–Hofmann and Pokorny, from ⟨*pelH-u-⟩ “chaff”…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek σφαῖρα (sphaîra, “ball, globe”). Köbler compares the root Proto-Indo-European *sper- (“to jerk, kick”), but Etymonline, following Beekes, calls the Greek word of…

It is from Latin vertō (“to turn”) + -īgō. Wiktionary also mentions a possible derivation from vertex (“whirl, summit”), with the velar assimilated to the nasal of the suffix in the oblique cases.

It is from Latin ab- (“away”) + rādō (“to scrape, shave”). De Vaan derives rādō from Proto-Italic *rasd-e/o-, and notes that the family is found only in Italic and Celtic, so a PIE origin is…

It is from Latin ab- + surdus (“deaf; not heard”). De Vaan explains it as “unheard of”, since ⟨surdus⟩ can mean both “not hearing” and “not heard”; the derivation of the adjective from…

It is formed from Latin ab- (“from, away”) + undō (“to surge, rise in waves”), from unda (“wave”), literally to flow over. De Vaan derives ⟨unda⟩ from the word for water, Proto-Italic *udōr with an…

It is from Latin ad- + cingō (“to gird”). De Vaan finds the origin of ⟨cingō⟩ uncertain: Lithuanian kinkýti (“to harness horses”) fits in meaning but requires a root shape impossible for PIE, and…

It is from Latin ad- + ūrō (“to burn”). De Vaan traces ūrō to Proto-Italic *ouse/o- (“to burn”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₁eus-e/o- (“to burn”). Cognate with Ancient Greek εὕω (heúō, “to singe”) and…

It is formed from Latin affor (“to speak to, address”) + -bilis, so that it first described someone who can be spoken to. The verb is made of ad- and for (“to speak”), which de Vaan traces to…

It is from Latin ager (“field”) + -lus, a diminutive. De Vaan traces ager to Proto-Italic *agro- (“field”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ-ro- (“uncultivated field, pasture”), derived from the root…

It is formed from Latin ali- + quot (“how many”), with ⟨ali-⟩ as in alius (“other”) and aliquis (“someone”). De Vaan derives ⟨quot⟩ from Proto-Italic *kʷoti and Proto-Indo-European *kʷóti (“how…

It is from Latin ad- (“to, towards”) + lūdō (“to play”). De Vaan lists it among the compounds of the simple verb, beside allūdiō (“to play with”), found from Plautus on; he traces lūdō to…

It is from Latin amō (“to love”), its present participle, used as an adjective and a noun. De Vaan derives amō from Proto-Italic *ama- (“to take, hold”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃mh₃- (“to take…

It is from Latin ambi- (“around”) + agō (“to drive, lead”). De Vaan traces agō to Proto-Italic *ag-e/o- (“to do, act”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ-e/o- (“to drive, lead”). Cognate with Oscan acum…

It is from Latin anus (“old woman”) + -cula, a diminutive. De Vaan traces anus to Proto-Italic *anu- and Proto-Indo-European *h₂enH-o- (“old woman”), perhaps a nursery word. Cognate with Hittite…

It is from Latin attentus (“attentive”) + -ē. The adjective is the participle of attendō (“to direct one's attention”), which de Vaan lists under tendō and traces to Proto-Indo-European *ten-d(ʰ)-…

It is from Latin ab- + vellō (“to pluck, pull”). De Vaan traces vellō to Proto-Italic *weln-e/o- and a nasal present of Proto-Indo-European *uelh₃- (“to strike”), which Latin may share with…

It is a compound from Latin bi- (“two”) + diēs (“day”), with a related form ⟨*diuom⟩, “two days”. The TLL compares triduum and interdiū (“by day”). De Vaan traces ⟨diēs⟩ to Proto-Italic *diē- and…

It is from Latin callidus (“clever, crafty”) + -tās. The OLD derives callidus from calleō “to be hard; to know how”, which de Vaan derives from callum “hard skin”, perhaps from an adjective…

It is from Latin cella (“storeroom, small room”) + -ula, a diminutive. The origin of the base is uncertain: de Vaan thinks it may preserve an older ⟨cēla⟩ beside cēlō (“to conceal”), or be a…

It is from Latin circum- (“around”) + vallō (“to fortify with a rampart”). The verb is formed from vallum (“palisade, rampart”), whose origin de Vaan leaves open: Schrijver's connection with Ancient…

It is formed from Latin clēmēns (“mild, merciful”) + -ia. The origin of clēmēns is uncertain. Walde and Hofmann followed Bréal and Osthoff in deriving it from ⟨*klejomenos⟩ “leaning”, which de Vaan…

It is from Latin cliēns (“client, dependant”) + -ēla. De Vaan traces cliēns to Proto-Italic *klient- (“who supports, who depends”) and Proto-Indo-European *ḱli-ent- (“who leans”), originally an…