𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽

Forms

𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (anabiudan), a strong verb of class II.^[1][2][3] Its principal parts are anabiudan, 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌸 (anabauþ), 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌿𐌳𐌿𐌼 (anabudum) and 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 (anabudans).^[4] The commonest forms in the Wulfila project's count are the third person singular preterite anabauþ (14 times), the first person singular present 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 (anabiuda, six) and the first person plural preterite anabudum (four).^[5] The preterite is also spelled 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌳 (anabaud), with the second person singular 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄 (anabaust) at Luke 14:22.^[3]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *anabeudaną (“to command, to order”),^[6][3] formed with *ana (“on”) on *beudaną (“to offer, to command”).^[6] Gothic has the simple verb only in compounds; it survives as Old Norse bjóða, Old English bēodan, Old Frisian biada, Old Saxon biodan and Old High German biotan, "to offer, to bid", and the compound itself as Old English onbēodan, Old Saxon anbiodan and Old High German inbiotan, "to announce, to order".^[7][8][9] The Germanic verb corresponds in form to Proto-Indo-European *bʰeudʰ- (“to be awake, to observe”), the root of Ancient Greek πεύθομαι (peúthomai, “to learn by inquiry”) and Lithuanian budė́ti (“to be awake”).^[8][9][3] Lehmann notes that the meanings do not match and follows Porzig, who assumes a change from "to be awake, to observe" through "to point out, to warn" in Germanic and Celtic to "to order".^[8]

Attestation

The Wulfila project counts 37 tokens and Köbler 40 records, in all four Gospels, in 1 Corinthians, 1 and 2 Thessalonians, 1 Timothy, Nehemiah and the Skeireins.^[5][3] The tokens are in manuscripts CA (24), B (6), A (4), D (2) and Lat5750 (1); Köbler places the Nehemiah records in D and the Skeireins one in E.^[5][3] In canonical order the first is Matthew 8:4.^[5][10] It renders seven Greek verbs of commanding, most often Ancient Greek παραγγέλλω (parangéllō, “to command”) (ten times in PROIEL's count), ἐπιτάσσω (epitássō) (six), διατάσσω (diatássō), διαστέλλω (diastéllō) and ἐντέλλω (entéllō) (five each).^[10][3] Matthew 8:4 has 𐌰𐍄𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰 𐌸𐍉𐌴𐌹 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌸 𐌼𐍉𐍃𐌴𐍃 (atbair giba þoei anabauþ Moses), "bring the gift that Moses commanded".^[11]

Meanings

1. to command, order, bid (for παραγγέλλω, ἐπιτάσσω, διατάσσω and others)^[3][1][2]
2. to give instructions to (someone)^[12][3]

Related words

• 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (faurbiudan, “to forbid”)
• 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌿𐍃𐌽𐍃 (anabūsns, “commandment”)

Usage notes

The person commanded is in the dative, and what is commanded follows as an infinitive, du with an infinitive, or an ei clause with the subjunctive.^[13]

References

1. ^ a b Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910), Die gotische Bibel, II: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. anabiudan
2. ^ a b Wright, Joseph (1910), Grammar of the Gothic Language, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. s.v. ana-biudan
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. anabiudan
4. ^ Miller, D. Gary (2019), The Oxford Gothic Grammar, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 149
5. ^ a b c d De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be
6. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽
7. ^ Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. ana-biudan
8. ^ a b c Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. ana-biudan
9. ^ a b Uhlenbeck, C. C. (1900), Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 2nd ed., Amsterdam: Müller, p. 11
10. ^ a b Haug, Dag T. T. et al., PROIEL Treebank: The Gothic Bible (gothic-nt), 2023 release, Pragmatic Resources in Old Indo-European Languages, University of Oslo
11. ^ De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be, p. Mt 8:4
12. ^ Skeat, Walter W. (1868), A Moeso-Gothic Glossary, with an Introduction, an Outline of Moeso-Gothic Grammar, and a List of Anglo-Saxon and Old and Modern English Words Etymologically Connected with Moeso-Gothic, London: Asher, p. 18
13. ^ Lambdin, Thomas O. (2006), An Introduction to the Gothic Language, Eugene, Or.: Wipf and Stock, p. 170