𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉

Forms

𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉 (augō), a neuter n-stem noun.^[1][2][3] The Wulfila project records the nominative and accusative plural 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉𐌽𐌰 (augona, 31 times), the singular 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉 (augō, 10), the dative singular 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽 (augin, 7), the dative plural 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌼 (augam, 6) and the genitive singular 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐍃 (augins, 2).^[4] Jellinek lists it with the neuters inflected like 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍉 (hairtō, “heart”).^[5]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *augô (“eye”),^[6][7][8] with the cognates Old Norse auga, Old English ēage, Old Frisian āge, Old Saxon ōga and Old High German ouga.^[7][9][10] It goes back to the PIE word for "eye", *h₃ekʷ-,^[6] which Kroonen reconstructs as a root noun with a dual but no plural; its relatives include Latin oculus, Ancient Greek ὄσσε (ósse, “both eyes”), Lithuanian akìs, Proto-Slavic *oko, Avestan aši, Tocharian A ak and Tocharian B ek.^[7][8][6] The diphthong ⟨au⟩ is the difficulty, since the inherited root would give Germanic forms in ⟨ag⟩ or ⟨aw⟩.^[10][11] Lehmann, after J. Schmidt, sets up three Germanic stem forms, blended into one on the model of the word for "ear", 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍉 (ausō, “ear”).^[11] Orel likewise sees an older form reshaped after *auzōn (“ear”), and Uhlenbeck explains the ⟨au⟩ by the influence of ausō or by a blend of the two Germanic stems.^[8][10] Kieckers calls the Germanic words not securely explained.^[12]

Attestation

The Wulfila project counts 56 tokens, in Matthew, John, Luke and Mark, in 1 Corinthians, Ephesians, Galatians and Colossians, and once in Nehemiah.^[4] Köbler counts 55.^[3] Most records are in manuscript CA (45), the rest in A (7), B (3) and D (1).^[4] In canonical order the first is Matthew 5:29.^[4][3] In PROIEL's alignment it renders Ancient Greek ὀφθαλμός (ophthalmós) 51 times and ὄμμα (ómma) once; once the phrase 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌺𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽 (augam skalkinōn), "to serve with eye-service" (Colossians 3:22), stands for ὀφθαλμοδουλία (ophthalmodouleía).^[13][14] Matthew 5:38 reads hausideduþ þatei qiþan ist: augo und augin jah tunþu und tunþau, "you have heard that it was said: an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth".^[15]

Meanings

1. eye^[1][16][3]

Word family

• 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌹 (andaugi, “face, countenance”)
• 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐍉 (andaugjō, “openly”)
• 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉 (augadaurō, “window”)

Related words

• 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (augjan, “to show”)
• 𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ataugjan, “to show, bring before”)

References

1. ^ a b Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910), Die gotische Bibel, II: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. augo
2. ^ Braune, Wilhelm; Heidermanns, Frank (2004), Gotische Grammatik, mit Lesestücken und Wörterverzeichnis, 20th ed., Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte A 1, Tübingen: Niemeyer, p. 271
3. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. augō
4. ^ a b c d De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be
5. ^ Jellinek, Max Hermann (1926), Geschichte der gotischen Sprache, Grundriss der germanischen Philologie 1,1, Berlin / Leipzig: de Gruyter, p. § 128
6. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉
7. ^ a b c Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 41
8. ^ a b c Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 29
9. ^ Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. augo
10. ^ a b c Uhlenbeck, C. C. (1900), Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 2nd ed., Amsterdam: Müller, p. 19
11. ^ a b Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. augo
12. ^ Kieckers, Ernst (1928), Handbuch der vergleichenden gotischen Grammatik, München: Hueber
13. ^ Haug, Dag T. T. et al., PROIEL Treebank: The Gothic Bible (gothic-nt), 2023 release, Pragmatic Resources in Old Indo-European Languages, University of Oslo
14. ^ Skeat, Walter W. (1868), A Moeso-Gothic Glossary, with an Introduction, an Outline of Moeso-Gothic Grammar, and a List of Anglo-Saxon and Old and Modern English Words Etymologically Connected with Moeso-Gothic, London: Asher, p. 31
15. ^ De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be, p. Mt 5:38
16. ^ Regan, Brian T. (1974), Dictionary of the Biblical Gothic Language, Phoenix: Wulfila House, p. 42