𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽

Forms

𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (aukan), a reduplicating verb of the second class.^[1][2][3] The simple verb is recorded only in the feminine nominative singular of the present participle, 𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 (aukandei).^[2][4] The preterite, 𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌿𐌺 (aiauk) in the handbooks, is recorded in the compound 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌿𐌺 (anaaiauk).^[5][6]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *aukaną (“to increase, grow”),^[7][2] and has cognates in the strong verb Old Norse auka and the weak verbs Old English ēacian, Old Saxon ōkian and Old High German ouhhōn; the old strong participle survives in ēacen, Old Frisian āken and ōkan "increased, pregnant".^[8][9][10] Kroonen traces it to Proto-Indo-European *h₂éug-e- and compares Lithuanian áugti (“to grow”).^[10] Lehmann and Feist add Latin augeō (“to increase”).^[9][8] Feist also names augustus (“exalted”) and the s-extended Ancient Greek αὔξω (aúxō, “to increase”).^[8] Kroonen derives 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wahsjan, “to grow”) and its cognates from an s-extension of the same root.^[11]

Attestation

The simple verb occurs once, in the Skeireins: Köbler counts one record, and the Wulfila project one token, placed at Skeireins 4:3 in manuscript Lat5750.^[2][4] Köbler and Lehmann number the passage 4,11.^[2][9] The passage reads jah aukandei all manne du gudis kunþja tiuhandei, "and growing, drawing all men to the knowledge of God".^[12]

Meanings

1. To increase, grow, used intransitively.^[1][13][7]

Word family

• 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (anaaukan, “to add”)
• 𐌱𐌹𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (biaukan, “to increase, add”)
• 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (gaaukan, “to abound”)
• 𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌽𐌰𐌽 (auknan, “to grow larger”)
• 𐌱𐌹𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌽𐌰𐌽 (biauknan, “to increase, abound”)

Related words

• 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wahsjan, “to grow”)

References

1. ^ a b Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910), Die gotische Bibel, II: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. aukan
2. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. aukan*
3. ^ Braune, Wilhelm; Heidermanns, Frank (2004), Gotische Grammatik, mit Lesestücken und Wörterverzeichnis, 20th ed., Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte A 1, Tübingen: Niemeyer, p. 271
4. ^ a b De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be
5. ^ Lambdin, Thomas O. (2006), An Introduction to the Gothic Language, Eugene, Or.: Wipf and Stock, p. 171
6. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. anaaukan
7. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. 𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽
8. ^ a b c Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. aukan
9. ^ a b c Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. aukan
10. ^ a b Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 41
11. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 566
12. ^ De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be, p. Sk 4:3
13. ^ Skeat, Walter W. (1868), A Moeso-Gothic Glossary, with an Introduction, an Outline of Moeso-Gothic Grammar, and a List of Anglo-Saxon and Old and Modern English Words Etymologically Connected with Moeso-Gothic, London: Asher, p. 31