𐌰𐌻𐌻𐍃

Forms

𐌰𐌻𐌻𐍃 (alls), an adjective of the a-declension, recorded only with strong inflection.^[1][2][3] The Wulfila project counts 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹 (allai) 157 times, 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌼 (allaim) 122, 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰 (alla) 111, 𐌰𐌻𐌻 (all) 95, 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 (allamma) 57, 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍃 (allans) 53, 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌰 (allata) 42 and 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 (allaize) 38 times, among others; the nominative singular 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐍃 (alls) occurs only twice.^[4]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *allaz (“all”),^[5][6][7] which Kroonen and Orel derive from an older form with a nasal suffix, Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-nó-, close to Oscan allo (“whole”) and Old Irish uile (“all”).^[6][7][8] Lehmann analyses it as a pronominal stem with a nasal suffix, and compares Latin ollus (“that one”) in Old Latin.^[9] The cognates are Old Norse allr, Old English eall, Old Frisian al, Old Saxon al and Old High German al.^[6][7] A shorter stem appears only in compounds such as 𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 (alabrunsts).^[8][9] Feist reports that the word is usually connected with 𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽 (alan),^[8] a link that Uhlenbeck thought unlikely.^[10]

Attestation

The Wulfila project counts 752 tokens (28 of them ambiguous), in the Gospels, most of the Epistles, Nehemiah and the Skeireins, and in manuscripts CA, A, B, C, D, E, Car, Speyer and Lat5750.^[4] Köbler counts 606 records, also in personal names.^[4][11] The first in canonical order is Matthew 5:15.^[4] Of PROIEL's 563 tokens, 473 render Ancient Greek πᾶς (pâs), 48 ὅλος (hólos) and 16 ἅπας (hápas).^[12] Matthew 5:15 says that the lamp on its stand liuteiþ allaim þaim in þamma garda, "shines for all who are in the house".^[13]

Meanings

1. all, every, for πᾶς and ἅπας.^[1][11][12]
2. whole, entire, for ὅλος.^[2][11]
3. much, for πολύς (Mark 12:37).^[14][11]
4. In phrases: and all "everywhere", for πανταχοῦ, and ufar all "above all" (Ephesians 3:20).^[14][11]

Word family

• 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍃 (allis)
• 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌿𐌷 (alluh)
• 𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 (alabrunsts)
• 𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰 (alaþarba)
• 𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌺𐌾𐍉 (alakjo)
• 𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃 (alamans)
• 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐍉 (allandjo)
• 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰 (allawaurstwa)
• 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌴𐌹 (allawerei)
• 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (allwaldands)

References

1. ^ a b Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910), Die gotische Bibel, II: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. alls
2. ^ a b Regan, Brian T. (1974), Dictionary of the Biblical Gothic Language, Phoenix: Wulfila House, p. 36
3. ^ Braune, Wilhelm; Heidermanns, Frank (2004), Gotische Grammatik, mit Lesestücken und Wörterverzeichnis, 20th ed., Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte A 1, Tübingen: Niemeyer, p. 269
4. ^ a b c d De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be
5. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐍃
6. ^ a b c Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 23
7. ^ a b c Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 16
8. ^ a b c Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. alls
9. ^ a b Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. alls
10. ^ Uhlenbeck, C. C. (1900), Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 2nd ed., Amsterdam: Müller, p. s.v. alls
11. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. alls
12. ^ a b Haug, Dag T. T. et al., PROIEL Treebank: The Gothic Bible (gothic-nt), 2023 release, Pragmatic Resources in Old Indo-European Languages, University of Oslo
13. ^ De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be, p. Mt 5:15
14. ^ a b Skeat, Walter W. (1868), A Moeso-Gothic Glossary, with an Introduction, an Outline of Moeso-Gothic Grammar, and a List of Anglo-Saxon and Old and Modern English Words Etymologically Connected with Moeso-Gothic, London: Asher, p. 18