*allaz

Reconstruction

The adjective is *allaz in Orel and Wiktionary,^[1][2] cited by its stem *alla- in Kroonen, Köbler and Bammesberger.^[3][4][5]

Etymology

Wiktionary starts from a pre-Germanic *h₂elnós and has it, with a "perhaps", from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“all”).^[2] Kroonen reconstructs *h₂el-nó-.^[3]

Morphology

An adjective with the suffix *-no-: the double l developed out of the cluster *-ln-, as in *fulla- "full".^[3][6] Ringe gives the word as an example of this change, from a pre-Proto-Germanic *olnos, which he marks with a query.^[7] The form without the suffix survives as *ala- in compounds: Gothic 𐌰𐌻𐌰- (ala-), Old Norse al-, Old English æl-, Old Saxon ala- and Old High German ala-.^[3] An example is Gothic 𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 (alabrunsts, “burnt offering”).^[6][3]

Evidence

The adjective is attested in all three branches: Gothic 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐍃 (alls) in Gothic, Old Norse allr in Old Norse, and Old English eall, Old Frisian al and Old High German al in West Germanic.^[3] Orel adds Old Saxon al.^[1] The Gothic word is in Wulfila's Bible.^[8]

Competing analyses

Kroonen and Orel compare Oscan allo (“whole”) and Old Irish uile (“all”).^[3][1] Kroonen derives the Oscan word from *h₂el-neh₂- and the Old Irish one, with Lithuanian aliaĩ (“completely”), from *h₂ol-io-.^[3] Orel also connects the adjective with *alaz.^[1] Lehmann starts from a pronominal stem *al-, *ol- with the suffix *-no-.^[9] A different view joins the word to the verb Gothic 𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽 (alan, “to grow”): Feist reports that this was the usual connection,^[6] and Bammesberger treats *al-na- as a regular no-formation to the root of Latin alō (“to nourish”).^[10] Köbler gives a PIE adverb *al- "beyond", with a query.^[4]

Meanings

1. all^[3][1][2][4]
2. every^[4]
3. whole, entire^[2][4]

Gothic also used the word for "much",^[8] and Old Norse for "entire, whole".^[3]

Derivatives

• *Alarīks, a man's name, a compound with *rīks "king, ruler".^[11]
• *Alamanniz, the Alemanni, a compound with *mann-.^[12]
• Compounds in Orel: *alla-berxtaz "very bright", *alla-kalđaz "very cold", and *al(l)a-walđanđz "ruler, almighty", which may be a calque of Latin omnipotens or Ancient Greek παντοκράτωρ (pantokrátōr).^[1]
• The adverb *al(l)unʒ(ōt) "altogether", derived from *alaz or *allaz.^[1]

Reflexes

• Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐍃 (alls, “all, whole, every”)^[6]
• Old Norse: allr (“all, every”)^[13]
• Old English: eall (“all, whole, every”)^[14]
• Old Frisian: al (“all, whole”)^[15]
• Old Saxon: al (“all, whole”)^[16]
• Old High German: al (“all, every, whole”)^[17]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *allaz
2. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *allaz
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 23
4. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *alla-
5. ^ Bammesberger, Alfred (1990), Die Morphologie des urgermanischen Nomens, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 227
6. ^ a b c d Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. alls
7. ^ Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 165
8. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. alls
9. ^ Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. alls
10. ^ Bammesberger, Alfred (1990), Die Morphologie des urgermanischen Nomens, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 227, 245
11. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *Alarīks
12. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *Alamanniz
13. ^ de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. allr
14. ^ Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. eall
15. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altfriesisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. all
16. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. al
17. ^ Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. al