Etymology and origin of the Romanian word îns
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Inherited
- First attested
- 1570 Coresi's Psalter More words from the 16th century
- Inherited from
- Latin ipsus
- Ultimate origin
- Latin ipse
Derivations
Forms
îns m or n (feminine singular însă, masculine plural înși, feminine/neuter plural înse)[1] Old texts join it to cu “with” as cunusul, cununsul or cunînsul “with him”, and to other prepositions as într-îns, cătr-îns and spr-îns.[2][3]
Etymology
It is inherited from Latin ipsus (“himself”), the old form of ipse that Plautus and Cato still use, with its feminine continued as însă.[3][4][5][1][6] The Latin pronoun goes back to Proto-Italic *e(s)peso, a compound of the pronoun is with a particle.[7]
The /n/ is not in the Latin word, though Latin itself has the spelling ⟨inpsuius⟩, and the DA puts the /n/ down to the many words with the prefix in-.[8][1] Densusianu and Candrea explain it instead from groups like ⟨in ipso⟩ and ⟨cum ipso⟩, where the /n/ of the preposition spread to the pronoun, and see the same in Sardinian insoru.[2][3][5]
The pronoun survives in all four branches: Aromanian nãs or nis, Megleno-Romanian ons and Istro-Romanian ăns.[3][9][10][11] Its Romance cognates include Italian esso, Sardinian issu, Occitan eis, Spanish ese and Portuguese esse.[12][3][1]
Earliest recorded meaning
Tiktin's first record is the 16th-century Psaltirea Scheiană (Psalm 43:5).[13] The masculine îns is in Coresi's Psalter of 1570 (Psalm 43:6 and others).[14] The DA quotes the emphatic use from these psalters, „Tu ești însă împăratul mieu” “thou art my king thyself” (Coresi).[8]
Semantic evolution
In the old language îns was the pronoun of identity, “himself, the very”, used before or after a noun (Coresi's îns împăratul “the emperor himself”), and also a personal pronoun after prepositions.[3][8] Until the 18th century the unarticled forms were the usual ones, after which only the articled forms were used; in the 19th century they became rarer and dated.[8]
Its place as the pronoun of identity was taken by the compound însumi (însuți, însuși, înșine …), and as a personal pronoun by dânsul, formed with de.[3][13] Today the old pronoun lives on in printr-însul, într-însul and in ele însele.[4][3] Ciorănescu also derives from it the noun ins “individual”, said as îns until the middle of the 19th century, and the conjunction însă “but”.[3] The DA compares the use of Albanian vetë “self”, which also means “individual”.[8]
Timeline
- 1570 – îns in Coresi's Psalter.[14]
- c. 1573–1578 – in the Psaltirea Scheiană (Psalm 43:5).[13]
- 1649 – the plural înși in Mardarie's Slavonic–Romanian lexicon.[15]
- 1825 – the noun insu, plural inși “persons”, in the Lexicon de la Buda (trei inși “three of them”).[16]
Meanings
Pronoun
- (personal pronoun, now only articled and after întru, printru) He, she, it: printr-însul “through him”.[4][17][1]
- (emphatic pronoun, now only the feminine plural) Himself, herself: ele însele “they themselves”.[4][17]
Noun
- (obsolete) A person, an individual.[17]
Adverb
Word family
Related words
References
- ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b Candrea, I.-A.; Densusianu, Ov. (1907–1914), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române: elementele latine (A–Putea), București, p. 143
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. îns
- ^ a b c d DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 552
- ^ a b Pușcariu, Sextil (1905), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der rumänischen Sprache I: Lateinisches Element, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. 75
- ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
- ^ a b c d e f Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. îns
- ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 733
- ^ Capidan, Theodor (1935), Meglenoromânii III: Dicționar meglenoromân, București: Academia Română, p. 211
- ^ Kovačec, August (1998), Istrorumunjsko-hrvatski rječnik (s gramatikom i tekstovima), Pula
- ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 4541
- ^ a b c Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. îns
- ^ a b Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 43:6
- ^ Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. înși
- ^ Lesicon românescu-latinescu-ungurescu-nemțescu quare de mai mulți autori, în cursul a trideci și mai multor ani s-au lucrat (1825), Buda: Typographia Universității (the Lexicon of Buda, ed. Petru Maior et al.), p. 312
- ^ a b c d Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 1244
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Îns.” Etymologically, 12 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ro/%C3%AEns. Accessed 12 Nov. 2026.
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