estudo

Forms

estudo m (plural estudos)^[1] Old Portuguese wrote studo, estudo and studio.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin studium (“zeal, eagerness; study”), written Old Galician-Portuguese studo and Old Galician-Portuguese estudo in the oldest texts.^[2][3][1] The Latin noun is formed from studeō (“to be eager, apply oneself”) with the suffix -ium.^[4][1] Its first sense was zeal or eager application to anything; since those who gave themselves to intellectual work did so with great application, the word came to mean study.^[5]

Meyer-Lübke lists the Portuguese word among the learned forms of the Latin noun, beside Spanish estudio, Catalan estudi, Italian studio and French étude.^[6] Nascentes reports that Carolina Michaëlis set up an intermediate form Old Galician-Portuguese estuido.^[7] The literary Galician form is estudo, but people say estudio, already found in the medieval General Estoria.^[8]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss dates the form studo to the 13th century.^[2] In 1309 King Dinis wrote of “the masters and scholars of my studo of Coimbra”, that is, of the university.^[8] Medieval Latin studium had the same sense of school or university.^[8][9] The Galician-Portuguese Crónica Geral tells of daughters sent to the estudos of noble ladies to be better taught.^[8]

Semantic evolution

The medieval texts use the word both for the school and for the effort of learning: a document of 1436 speaks of the protector of the estudos de Portugal, and the Imitação de Cristo of the care and thought given to the life of Christ.^[8] Cardoso (1569) translates casa de estudo with Latin musaeum, and Folqman (1755) gives both the school where grammar is taught and application to study.^[10][11] Morais (1813) still records the older senses “care, diligence” and “love, affection”.^[12] Figueiredo (1899) adds the musical study, written as an exercise, and the sketch made before a work of art.^[13] The plural estudos means one's schooling.^[14][2]

Timeline

• 13th century – the form studo.^[2]
• 1309 – studo de Cojnbra, the university of Coimbra.^[8]
• c. 1430 – the Horto do Esposo uses estudo.^[15]
• 1436 – protector dos estudos de Portugal.^[8]
• 1569 – Cardoso's dictionary has casa de estudo.^[10]
• 1813 – Morais records the senses “care” and “affection”.^[12]
• 1899 – Figueiredo records the musical study and the artist's sketch.^[13]

Meanings

Noun

1. The act or process of studying (estudar); the application of the mind to learning.^[2][16][1]
2. Knowledge gained by study;^[2][14] (in the plural) schooling, education.^[2][14]
3. A subject that is studied.^[2]
4. The preliminary work or project for a building, a work of art or a piece of research.^[2][16]
5. A written study or investigation of a subject.^[2][1]
6. Close examination, analysis.^[2][16][1]
7. (figurative) Special care or attention; also affectation, pretence.^[2]
8. (music) An étude, a piece written for practice or for virtuoso display.^[2][1]

Word family

• estudar
• estudante
• estudioso

Related words

• estúdio
• Latin studium
• Spanish estudio

Usage notes

De estudo means “meant for study” (sala de estudo “study room”) and figuratively “on purpose”.^[2]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. estudo
3. ^ a b Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. estudo
4. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. studium
5. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. estudo
6. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 8326
7. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1955), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, vol. 1: Nomes comuns, Rio de Janeiro (1st ed. 1932, preface by W. Meyer-Lübke), p. s.v. estudo
8. ^ a b c d e f g Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. estudo
9. ^ Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. studium
10. ^ a b Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. estudo
11. ^ Folqman, Carlos (1755), Diccionario portuguez, e latino, Lisboa: Régia Officina Silviana (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. estudo
12. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 1, 787
13. ^ a b Figueiredo, Cândido de (1899), Novo diccionário da língua portuguesa, 1st ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Tavares Cardoso & Irmão, p. s.v. estudo
14. ^ a b c Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 4022
15. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. estudo
16. ^ a b c Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. estudo