chiuso

Forms

chiuso (feminine chiusa, masculine plural chiusi, feminine plural chiuse)^[1]

Etymology

It is the past participle of chiudere, used as an adjective and a noun.^[2][3][4] It continues inherited from Latin clūsus (“shut”), a variant of clausus, the past participle of claudō (“to close”).^[1][5][6] DELI explains that the form with ⟨ū⟩ was remade on compounds such as inclūdō and reclūdō; it replaced the older verb from Seneca's time and is continued in the Romance languages except the western ones, from Sardinia to Portugal.^[2] In northern Italy the classical clausum survives in chiosso “fenced field”.^[6]

De Vaan traces claudō to Proto-Italic *klaud-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂u-d- (“to shut”), the root of Latin clāvis (“key”) and clāvus (“nail”), which gave chiave and chiodo.^[7][3]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record is a San Gimignano document of 1236, where chiuso is a noun, an enclosure for keeping livestock.^[2][8] The adjective “shut, not open” is recorded in Restoro d'Arezzo in 1282.^[2]

Semantic evolution

Old Italian used the adjective of doors, buildings, clothes, sealed letters and closed books, and of a person who keeps his feelings to himself.^[8] DELI dates the figurative sense “impenetrable, reserved” to Petrarch, before 1374.^[2] Dante's simile of the sheep coming out of the fold, “come le pecorelle escon del chiuso”, keeps the noun's first sense.^[4][9] The sense “stuffy room” is recorded before 1639, in Campanella.^[2]

Many modern phrases are built on the adjective: a porte chiuse “behind closed doors”, a occhi chiusi “blindly, with complete trust”, casa chiusa “brothel”, and numero chiuso for limited admission to a university course.^[10][11][12] The adjective also became a term of phonetics, mathematics and music.^[10]

Timeline

• 1236 – A San Gimignano document uses chiuso for a livestock pen.^[2][8]
• 1282 – Restoro d'Arezzo uses the adjective “shut”.^[2]
• Before 1374 – Petrarch uses it for “reserved”.^[2]
• Before 1639 – Campanella uses the noun for a stuffy place.^[2]

Meanings

Adjective

1. closed, shut: Bussa, la porta è chiusa, con gli occhi chiusi.^{[13][4][10][1]}
2. Blocked, not allowing passage: una strada chiusa al traffico.^[13][4][11]
3. Not open for business, temporarily or for good: Il museo è chiuso il lunedì.^[4][13]
4. Finished, settled: un capitolo chiuso, caso chiuso.^[4][13][11]
5. Of clothes, high-necked or buttoned up: un abito chiuso.^[10][4]
6. (figurative) Of a person, reserved, uncommunicative; of a mind, narrow: È un ragazzo chiuso, parla poco.^[10][12][14]
7. Obscure, hard to understand: un linguaggio chiuso.^[10][14]
8. (phonetics) Of a vowel, close; of a syllable, ending in a consonant.^[10][13]
9. Of the sky or weather, overcast.^[11][12]

Noun

1. An enclosure or fold for livestock.^[4][9]
2. al chiuso: indoors: Con questo freddo è meglio giocare al chiuso.^[13][4]
3. Stale, stuffy air: odore di chiuso.^[13][4]

Word family

• chiusamente
• semichiuso

Related words

• chiudere
• chiusa
• chiusura
• chiosso
• Latin clausus

Usage notes

Wiktionary gives both /ˈkju.zo/ and /ˈkju.so/, with a voiced or a voiceless ⟨s⟩;^[1] Sabatini–Coletti marks it voiced.^[13]

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cortelazzo, Manlio; Zolli, Paolo (1999), Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana, 2nd ed. by Manlio Cortelazzo and Michele A. Cortelazzo, Bologna: Zanichelli
3. ^ a b Nocentini, Alberto; Parenti, Alessandro (2010), l'Etimologico: vocabolario della lingua italiana, Firenze: Le Monnier
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Devoto, Giacomo; Oli, Gian Carlo; Serianni, Luca; Trifone, Maurizio (2026), Nuovo Devoto–Oli: il vocabolario dell'italiano contemporaneo, digital ed., Milano: Le Monnier
5. ^ Tommaseo, Niccolò; Bellini, Bernardo (1861–1879), Dizionario della lingua italiana, 4 vols., Torino: UTET
6. ^ a b Battisti, Carlo; Alessio, Giovanni (1950–1957), Dizionario etimologico italiano, 5 vols., Firenze: Barbèra (reprint 1975)
7. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
8. ^ a b c Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini (1997–), Opera del Vocabolario Italiano, CNR, Firenze; tlio.ovi.cnr.it
9. ^ a b Battaglia, Salvatore; Bàrberi Squarotti, Giorgio (1961–2002), Grande dizionario della lingua italiana, 21 vols., Torino: UTET; digital ed. Accademia della Crusca
10. ^ a b c d e f g De Mauro, Tullio (ed.) (2003), Grande dizionario italiano dell'uso, CD-ROM version 2.0, Torino: UTET
11. ^ a b c d Zingarelli, Nicola (2009), Lo Zingarelli 2010: vocabolario della lingua italiana, Bologna: Zanichelli
12. ^ a b c Vocabolario della lingua italiana Treccani (2011), Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana
13. ^ a b c d e f g h Sabatini, Francesco; Coletti, Vittorio; Manfredini, Manuela (2026), Dizionario italiano Sabatini Coletti, digital ed., Milano: Sansoni / Rizzoli Larousse
14. ^ a b Gabrielli, Aldo (2020), Grande dizionario italiano, digital ed., Milano: Hoepli