advena

Forms

advena m or f (genitive advenae); first declension^[1] It is masculine or feminine, and the grammarians also report it as neuter.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is formed from adveniō (“to arrive”), or from ad- and the root of veniō (“to come”), like incola (“inhabitant”).^[2][4][5] De Vaan notes that it cannot be a recent derivative of the verb, though its ⟨n⟩ shows it to be a secondary formation; ⟨veniō⟩ is Proto-Italic *gwn-je/o- (“to come”), from Proto-Indo-European *gwm-ie/o- (“to come”), cognate with Oscan kúmbened (“has come together”) and Sanskrit गच्छति (gácchati, “goes, comes”).^[5]

Earliest recorded meaning

De Vaan dates it from Plautus,^[5] whose Aulularia calls on citizens, neighbours, inhabitants and foreigners alike.^[2]

Semantic evolution

As a noun it is a newcomer from abroad, an immigrant or foreigner, and of birds a migrant: Pliny the Elder calls storks winter visitors and cranes summer ones.^[2] It is also any newcomer or stranger, as at Virgil's first tables approached by a stranger, and an intruder (Statius).^[2] As an adjective it means “foreign”, as Cicero's law forbidding new or foreign gods, “migrant”, of birds in Varro, “exotic”, of trees, and “newly arrived”.^[2][3] Döderlein contrasts it with exterus and externus, a foreigner living abroad: ⟨advena⟩, like ⟨peregrīnus⟩, is one staying for a time in a country not his own.^[6]

Church Latin glosses it “temporary resident, alien, foreigner, stranger”.^[7] In medieval sources it is a foreigner living in a town.^[8]

Timeline

• c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of foreigners among citizens.^[2][5][9]
• 116–27 BC – Varro of migrant birds.^[2][9]
• 81–43 BC – Cicero of foreign gods.^[2][9]
• 70–19 BC – Virgil of a newcomer.^[2][9]

Meanings

Noun

1. A foreigner, immigrant; a migrant bird; an exotic tree.^[2][3][1][7]
2. A newcomer, stranger; an intruder.^[2][1]

Adjective

1. Foreign, alien; migrant; exotic.^[2][1]
2. Newly arrived; intrusive.^[2]

Related words

• adveniō
• veniō
• adventus

References

1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. ^ a b c Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
4. ^ Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
5. ^ a b c d de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
6. ^ Döderlein, Ludwig (1874), Döderlein’s Hand-book of Latin Synonymes, tr. H. H. Arnold, Andover: W. F. Draper
7. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
8. ^ Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
9. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de