𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉

Forms

𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 (sundrō), an indeclinable adverb.^[1][2][3] The Wulfila project records only the form 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 (sundro).^[1] Grienberger calls it an ō-adverb.^[4]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *sundrô (“asunder, alone, separately”), from the adjective *sundraz (“separate, isolated, alone”).^[5] It is cognate with Old Norse sundr (“asunder”), Old English sundor, Old Frisian sunder, Old Saxon sundar and Old High German suntar.^[6][7] Orel sees in it the comparative suffix Proto-Indo-European *-ter- and compares a Sanskrit adverb meaning "away, aside", Ancient Greek ἄτερ (áter, “without, far from”) and Welsh hanner (“half”).^[7] Lehmann adds Latin sine (“without”) and Old Irish sain (“different”), and calls the earlier Indo-European source disputed: it may be an extension of *swe- (“separate”), as Latin sē (“without”) probably is.^[6] Bugge, Johannes Schmidt and Grienberger derived it instead from *sem- (“one”) with the comparative suffix *-tero-.^[6][8][7] Wiktionary reconstructs *sn̥Htros, from *senH- (“apart, without, for oneself”), and leaves a link with *sem- open.^[5]

Attestation

The Wulfila project counts eleven tokens, in Luke (three), Mark (five), 1 Corinthians (one) and Galatians (two), eight in manuscript CA, two in A and one in B.^[1] Köbler counts ten, listing Galatians 2:2 once with both A and B.^[9] In canonical order the first is Luke 9:10 in CA.^[1] PROIEL aligns it seven times with Ancient Greek κατά (katá) and three times with ἴδιος (ídios).^[10] Köbler gives the Greek phrases κατ’ ἰδίαν (kat’ idían), κατὰ μόνας (katà mónas) and the adverb ἰδίᾳ (idíāi).^[9] Luke 9:10 reads jah andnimands ins afiddja sundro ana staþ auþjana, "and he took them and went away apart to a deserted place".^[11]

Meanings

1. apart, aside, privately (for κατ’ ἰδίαν)^[12][13][9]
2. alone (for κατὰ μόνας)^[14][4]
3. separately, individually (for ἰδίᾳ)^[12][9]

References

1. ^ a b c d De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be
2. ^ Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910), Die gotische Bibel, II: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. sundro
3. ^ Braune, Wilhelm; Heidermanns, Frank (2004), Gotische Grammatik, mit Lesestücken und Wörterverzeichnis, 20th ed., Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte A 1, Tübingen: Niemeyer, p. 296
4. ^ a b Grienberger, Theodor von (1900), Untersuchungen zur gotischen Wortkunde, Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, phil.-hist. Classe 142, Wien, p. s.v. sundro
5. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉
6. ^ a b c Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. sundro
7. ^ a b c Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *sunđraz
8. ^ Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. sundrō
9. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. sundrō
10. ^ Haug, Dag T. T. et al., PROIEL Treebank: The Gothic Bible (gothic-nt), 2023 release, Pragmatic Resources in Old Indo-European Languages, University of Oslo
11. ^ De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be, p. Lk 9:10
12. ^ a b Regan, Brian T. (1974), Dictionary of the Biblical Gothic Language, Phoenix: Wulfila House, p. 145
13. ^ Lambdin, Thomas O. (2006), An Introduction to the Gothic Language, Eugene, Or.: Wipf and Stock, p. 183
14. ^ Balg, G. H. (1887–1889), A Comparative Glossary of the Gothic Language, with Especial Reference to English and German, Mayville, Wis.: the author, p. 407