𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃

𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃¹ place

Etymology tree of 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃¹

inherited borrowed derived

Proto-Germanic *stadiz

Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 (staþs)

Old Norse staðr

Proto-West Germanic *stadi

Dutch stad

German Stadt

Old English stede

English stead

From the same root · 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃¹

German Hauptstadt ← Stadt

German Stadtrat ← Stadt

English bedstead ← stede

English homestead ← stede

English farmstead ← stead

English instead ← stead

English steady ← stead

Forms

𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 (staþs), a masculine i-stem noun, genitive singular 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌳𐌹𐍃 (stadis).^[1][2][3][4] Köbler records the accusative singular 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸 (staþ, seven times) and 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌳 (stad, six times), the dative singular 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌳𐌰 (stada, twelve times, one of them in the Skeireins), the dative plural 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌳𐌹𐌼 (stadim, four times), and once each the nominative singular 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 (staþs) and 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌳𐍃 (stads), the genitive singular 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌳𐌹𐍃 (stadis), the genitive plural 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌳𐌴 (stade) and the accusative plural 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌳𐌹𐌽𐍃 (stadins).^[2] The alternation of final þ with d before a vowel is the regular Gothic one, as in hlaifs beside the dative hlaiba.^[5][6] Leo Meyer notes the spellings with d in the nominative stads at Luke 14:22 and the accusative stad.^[7]

Etymology

The word for a place is inherited from Proto-Germanic *stadiz (“place”),^[8][9][10] an abstract noun from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”), reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂tis by Wiktionary and with the zero grade of the root by Kroonen and Miller.^[8][9][11] The same Germanic noun gave Old Norse staðr, Old English stede (whence stead), Old Frisian sted, Old Saxon stedi and Old High German stat.^[9][10][12] Outside Germanic, Kroonen compares Avestan stāti- in Avestan, while Uhlenbeck and Miller compare Latin statiō (“standing place, post”).^[9][13][11] Orel relates it to the verb behind 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (standan, “to stand”).^[10]

Attestation

Köbler counts 34 records and the Wulfila project 38 tokens, in John, Luke and Mark, in Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Ephesians, 2 Thessalonians and 1 Timothy, and once in the Skeireins.^[2][14] Most are in manuscript CA; the others are in A, B, Car and, for the Skeireins, E.^[14] In canonical order the first is the dative stada at John 6:10.^[14] In the Gospels and Epistles it renders Ancient Greek τόπος (tópos) 29 times out of 34.^[15] John 6:10 reads wasuh þan hawi manag ana þamma stada, "now there was much grass in that place".^[16]

Meanings

1. A place, spot or locality, for Ancient Greek τόπος (tópos).^[1][2][8]
2. room, space.^[1] Köbler also gives it for Ancient Greek κατάλυμα (katáluma), a lodging.^[2]
3. A passage in a book.^[1][2]
4. galiugē staþs, an idol's temple, for Ancient Greek εἰδωλεῖον (eidōleîon) at 1 Corinthians 8:10.^[2][1]
5. jainis stadis, over to the other side.^[17][3]

Word family

• 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌻𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 (hunslastaþs, “altar”)
• 𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 (mōtastaþs, “tax office”)

𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃² shore

Forms

𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 (staþs), a masculine noun found only in the dative singular 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌰 (staþa).^[3][14] Köbler enters it as staþa, an a-stem, and notes that Regan sets it up as staþs.^[18][19] Lambdin explains that the nominative and genitive are not recorded but are made virtually certain by the cognates.^[20]

Etymology

The word for the shore is inherited from Proto-Germanic *staþaz (“shore”),^[8][12] a different Germanic noun from the one behind 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 "place", without the d of that word.^[12][8] Its cognates are Old English stæþ, Old Saxon stað and Old High German stad "bank, shore" (whence Gestade).^[12][8][21] Köbler traces it, like the word for place, to the root Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”).^[18] Casaretto takes it as an adjective "standing" turned into a noun, first "place by the water", then "shore", and explains the missing grammatical alternation by a shift of the accent when it became a noun.^[4] Busbecq's Crimean Gothic word statz, glossed "terra", may be the same word, according to Uhlenbeck and Lehmann (who derives "land" from "shore").^[13][12]

Attestation

The word occurs twice, at Luke 5:3 and Mark 4:1, both in manuscript CA, and both times it renders Ancient Greek γῆ (gê).^[14][15][18] Mark 4:1 reads jah alla so managei wiþra marein ana staþa was, "and the whole crowd was on the shore by the sea".^[22]

Meanings

1. The shore or bank of a body of water, for Ancient Greek γῆ (gê) "land".^[18][3][8]