*stallaz

Reconstruction

The word is *stallaz in Orel and Wiktionary,^[1][2] the stem *stalla- in Kroonen and Köbler,^[3][4] and *stalla-z, Proto-Norse *stallaR, in LÄGLOS.^[5]

Etymology

Kroonen has it from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”), as an instrumental noun *sth₂-dʰlo-, formally identical with Latin stabulum (“stable, shed”);^[3] Wiktionary gives *sth₂dʰlóm from the same root.^[2]

Morphology

A masculine a-stem.^[3][4] Its ll comes from dl by assimilation.^[6] Schaffner derives it from *stadla-, in grammatical change with *staþla-,^[7] and finds the two originally one paradigm, citing parallel pairs such as Middle High German burgstal beside burgstadel.^[8] EWA starts from an early Proto-Germanic *stađla- or *stalna-.^[9] Krahe had already explained the word by the same assimilation of dl.^[10]

Evidence

The word is attested only in North and West Germanic: Old Norse stallr, Old English steall, Old Frisian stal and Old High German stal.^[3] Holthausen reconstructs a Gothic *stalla or *stalls from the Romance words Italian stalla and Old French estal,^[11][12] and it was also borrowed as Medieval Latin stallum.^[2] Old Saxon has it only, uncertainly, in place names.^[13] LÄGLOS derives Finnish talla (“runner fitting; insole”) from *stalla-z, and talas (“shed, shelter for boats”) from it or from *stōla-z.^[14] The Norse word was borrowed into Manx and into the speech of the Hebrides.^[15]

Competing analyses

Orel instead relates the word to a Sanskrit word for "elevation, dry land" and to Ancient Greek στόλος (stólos, “equipment, journey”), from Proto-Indo-European *stel-, as in Ancient Greek στέλλω (stéllō, “to set, to put in order”),^[1] and Köbler also gives *stel-.^[4] Wiktionary mentions *stel- as an alternative.^[2] Kroonen relates the Old Church Slavonic word for "throne" and Lithuanian stālas (“table”) to this word rather than to *stōlaz.^[16]

Meanings

1. standing, stand, position, place^[3][4][2]
2. stall, stable^[3][4][2]

Old Norse also used it for "pedestal, support; crib, manger",^[3] de Vries also for "altar";^[15] Old Frisian also for "the right to appear in court",^[17] and Old High German also for "deputyship".^[9]

Derivatives

• *stallōną "to put into a stable; to fix, to set in place".^[18]
• Orel's *stallōn "companion", derived from the noun.^[19]
• An adjective *stall(j)a- "standing firm", found only in North Sea Germanic.^(Heidermanns 1993|s.v. stall(j)a-)^[4]

Reflexes

• Old Norse: stallr (“scaffold, altar, stall, manger”)^[20]
• Old English: steall (“standing, place, position, state, stall”)^[21]
• Old Frisian: stal (“standing place in a stall; standing; right to stand”)^[17]
• Old High German: stal (“place, stall, lodging, deputyship”)^[9]

References

1. ^ a b Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *stallaz
2. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *stallaz
3. ^ a b c d e f g Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 472
4. ^ a b c d e f Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *stalla-
5. ^ Kylstra, A. D.; Hahmo, Sirkka-Liisa; Hofstra, Tette; Nikkilä, Osmo (1991–2012), Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen, 3 vols, Amsterdam / Atlanta / New York: Rodopi, p. 269
6. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 520
7. ^ Schaffner, Stefan (2001), Das Vernersche Gesetz und der innerparadigmatische grammatische Wechsel des Urgermanischen im Nominalbereich, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 103, Innsbruck, p. 154
8. ^ Schaffner, Stefan (2001), Das Vernersche Gesetz und der innerparadigmatische grammatische Wechsel des Urgermanischen im Nominalbereich, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 103, Innsbruck, p. 158
9. ^ a b c Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. stal
10. ^ Krahe, Hans (1963), Germanische Sprachwissenschaft I: Einleitung und Lautlehre, 5th ed., Sammlung Göschen 238, Berlin: de Gruyter, p. § 96
11. ^ Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Gotisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 98
12. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *stalla
13. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *stal?, stall?
14. ^ Kylstra, A. D.; Hahmo, Sirkka-Liisa; Hofstra, Tette; Nikkilä, Osmo (1991–2012), Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen, 3 vols, Amsterdam / Atlanta / New York: Rodopi, p. 268–269
15. ^ a b de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. 542
16. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 481
17. ^ a b Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. stal
18. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *stallōną
19. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *stallōn
20. ^ de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. stallr 1
21. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. steall